White birch trees are also ornamental trees suitable for residential landscapes. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. [5] Since paper birch is an adaptable pioneer species, it is a prime candidate for reforesting drastically disturbed areas. As white poplar trees mature, the bark develops pronounced furrows that look black. For example, some birches have thin peeling bark that exfoliates in long strips, whereas some species dont peel. Updates? [citation needed] The most southerly stand in the Western United States is located in Long Canyon in the City of Boulder Open Space and Mountain Parks. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-12.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-12.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-12.jpg\/aid12505049-v4-728px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-12.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. The clumping river birch grows best as decorative trees in garden landscapes where theres wet soil. Youll find river birch thriving in northern states, as well as Florida and Texas. The bark has a yellow-bronze tinge that peels in narrow strips. This tree flowers in April and May, producing fruit in August through October. The European white birch (B. pendula), also known as silver birch or common birch, has slender drooping branches and small sharp-pointed leaves about 6 cm (2 inches) long. Another way to tell birch trees apart from aspen trees is by their leaves. Fifteen-gallon trees are six to eight The bark on most birch trees has horizontal dark streaks that look like scoring (called lenticels). This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c1\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-24.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-24.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/c\/c1\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-24.jpg\/aid12505049-v4-728px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-24.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. The tallest of these three types in the wild is the paper birch, a tree that can exceed 70 feet in some instances. Another consideration before planting white poplars is that the wood is relatively weak. The first generation appears in May but there will be several generations per year. It grows rather quickly and develops into a pyramid shape. Betula papyrifera is a pioneer species, meaning it is often one of the first trees to grow in an area after other trees are removed by some sort of disturbance. Study the disparity between the shapes of the leaves of the white birch species in America. Wood from birch trees is used to make skateboards, plywood, and loudspeaker cabinets. For example, in Alaskan boreal forests, a paper birch stand 20 years after a fire may have 3,0006,000 trees per acre (7,40014,800/ha), but after 60 to 90 years, the number of trees will decrease to 500800 trees per acre (1,2002,000/ha) as spruce replaces the birch. Paper birch is named for the tree's thin white bark, which often peels in paper like layers from the trunk. Leaves on sweet birch trees are some of the biggest in the Betula genus, measuring up to 6 (15 cm) long. Silver birch tree leaves: Shiny green leaves are 2.5 (7 cm) long and have a distinct triangular shape with jaggy-looking edges. Flowers on male birch trees are 1.2 (3 cm) long, and the flowers on female trees are 0.4 to 0.8 (1 2 cm) long. However, it has smooth downy shoots. Fun Fact: The Sweet Birch has been used to imitate mahogany, but now is used as itself. The silver birch has pendulous branches, giving the tree a weeping appearance. [5], The species is considered vulnerable in Indiana and Nebraska, imperiled in Illinois, Virginia, and West Virginia, and critically imperiled in Colorado and Tennessee.[14]. Some species of poplar trees like the white poplar (Populus alba) and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) look like they are continually trembling or quaking. Up close, pictures of these poplar tree leaves show a fine serration along the blade margins. The dwarf birch tree is more of a large shrub than a tree. Dwarf birch trees are well-suited to arctic conditions and thrive in USDA zones 1 through 8. Birch tree leaves have pointed tips and serrated edges. Necklace poplar tree leaves have a triangle shape with coarsely toothed margins. White birch tree bark: Dull white thin bark that exfoliates in papery strips. The white birch tree has ovate-shaped fuzzy leaves and white, thin, papery peeling bark. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/27\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-14.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-14.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/2\/27\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-14.jpg\/aid12505049-v4-728px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-14.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. The bark of birch trees can be white, grey, yellow, silver, or multicolored (river birch). Many poplar species are large ornamental trees with wide canopies, making for excellent shade trees. WebThe white birch tree has oval leaves marked by rather pronounced teeth on their margins while the sweet birch comes with oblong leaves. When it grows in these pioneer, or early successional, woodlands, it often forms stands of trees where it is the only species. For this reason, this tree is also referred to as the canoe birch. Paper birch trees have branches just a few feet above the ground, when you find one growing in the wild, and normally just a single main trunk. They are typically found along streams and other wet areas in the mountains. These birch leaves give off a sweet fragrance when crushed. Many people think that there is only one type of birch tree, however, there are actually many. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T194502A2342659. Descriptions and pictures of poplar leaves, bark, and flowers will help identify different species of poplar. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. River birch tree leaves: Diamond-shaped leaves with double-serrated margins. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/76\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-9.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-9.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/7\/76\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-9.jpg\/aid12505049-v4-728px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-9.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. Berries That Grow On Trees (Including Blackberry Lookalikes) - With Pictures and Identification Guid Poplar Trees: Types, Bark, Leaves Identification (With Pictures), Cottonwood Trees: Facts, Identification, Pictures, Birch Trees: Types, Leaves, Bark Identification. White birch tree leaves: Simple leaves are arranged alternately. It may grow to a height of 15 metres (49 feet) on light soils. The Silver Birch Tree, also known as a White Birch Tree, is similar to the paper birch but has a slightly weeping appearance and doesnt have peeling bark. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/94\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-6.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-6.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/9\/94\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-6.jpg\/aid12505049-v4-728px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-6.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. Paper birch trees themselves have varied reactions to wildfire. (Betula nigra) This is tolerant to drought and can be as tall as 70 feet. Lets look in more detail at the common types of birch trees growing in forests and residential parks and gardens. Some species of poplar trees have serrated or toothed margins, whereas others have lobed leaves that resemble maple tree leaves. Below, well look at the 11 most common types of birch trees out there. However, they prefer well-drained areas that are a bit rocky. Poplars are generally tall, fast-growing, and short-lived ornamental trees. They are an essential species for the North American lumber industry and play a significant role in ecology, as they are a significant food source for birds and other sorts of wildlife. Its a. You will also notice horizontal diamond-shaped raised marks on the light-colored bark. Poplar trees belong to the genus Populus in the willow family Salicaceae. Yellow birch has bronze colored bark that curls up in small strips on the tree. Birches also feature a wider range of bark colors compared to poplars. All three possess an attractive white bark on the older trees, so distinguishing one from the other will require a more discerning eye. You can recognize species of poplars by their leaves. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. Pete has been working in the trades since high school, where he first developed a passion for woodworking. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. In fact, most people arent even aware that there are different birch trees. 10 Best Corded Impact Wrenches of 2023 Reviews & Top Picks. The bark changes to the white color at about 3 years of growth. The bark is a red-brown coloration, which sets it apart from other birch trees as well. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/97\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-11.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-11.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/9\/97\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-11.jpg\/aid12505049-v4-728px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-11.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. They are also known to attract lots of butterflies. White poplars grow well in USDA zones 3 through 8 in full sun. Fun Fact: The wood of Paper Birch has been used for birchbark canoes and the bark of Paper Birch is used for baskets, trays, and even dishes. Know where this variety is located. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/76\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-17.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-17.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/7\/76\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-17.jpg\/aid12505049-v4-728px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-17.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. They need a wide-open space to grow properly. Its brilliant white bark is the reason its called the white birch. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. They can be found in cool temperate areas but are also somewhat common in tundra areas. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Some species of poplars also have a fresh balsam scent. The 3-inch (7.5-cm) leaves have toothed margins and cover branches to create a pyramidal crown. This shrubby plant grows around 3 ft. (1 m) tall and has rounded leaves with bluntly-toothed edges. Paper Birch Tree. The identifying feature of poplar tree species is their green leaves with silvery-white undersides. To identify species of poplar trees, its good to look at the color of bark and leaf shape. Compared to other birch trees, the leaves of white birch have coarsely serrated margins. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/0\/01\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/0\/01\/Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-2.jpg\/aid12505049-v4-728px-Identify-Different-Species-of-Birch-Trees-Step-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. Leaves measure between 2 and 6 (5 15 cm). Youll find that poplar roots can disturb lawns and push up pathways. Thats why the Betula papyrifera tree is also called the canoe birch tree. You can recognize birch trees by their peeling bark that can be white, gray, or yellow. The best way to identify a white birch is by studying its leaf, which is ovate (oval), with a sharply serrated edge. Their white coloration sets them apart from most other types of trees. The wood is often used for pulpwood and firewood. Some species of birch have slender, single trunks with irregular-shaped canopies. Poplars are also perfect for tall privacy hedges to create a windbreak. Update Privacy Preferences Birch trees are pretty distinguished. The bark peels in thin sheets, revealing pinkish bark underneath. Last Updated: December 7, 2022 Betula nigra, or river birch, is recommended for warm-climate areas warmer than zone 6, where paper birch is rarely successful. Paper birch bark peels off the tree in long, narrow strips and exposes an inner bark that is orange in color. Gray birch bark is a light gray, almost white color with black patches on the bark. To create this article, volunteer authors worked to edit and improve it over time. Learn which plants thrive in your Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map! wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. Betula papyrifera (paper birch, also known as (American) white birch and canoe birch ) is a short-lived species of birch native to northern North America. The yellow birch tree is a medium-sized tree with elongated oval, glossy green leaves, finely serrated margins, and beautiful bright yellow colors in the fall. All poplar species are fast-growing trees that you will find growing in deciduous forests, as ornamental trees in parks or residential landscapes. This poplar species grows up to 130 ft. (40 m). The most important requirement is constantly moist soil, so it does well in rainier areas. The paper birch tree was used to make canoes. This hybrid poplar species grows between 40 and 70 ft. (12 21 m). The Canadian poplar is an attractive broadly columnar tree with ovate, heart-shaped glossy green leaves growing densely on the branches. Gray birch trees are medium-sized trees, growing between 20 and 30 ft. (6 10 m). By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. Snowshoe hares browse paper birch seedlings,[5] and grouse eat the buds. Aspen tree trunks (left) are very similar to birch trunks (right). White poplar female flower (left) and male flower (right). Western balsam poplar tree bark becomes dark grayish-brown with pronounced ridges and grooves. WebIn addition, the chemical fingerprints of the leaf buds were analyzed by liquid chromatography combined to mass spectrometry to identify the species as white birch, silver birch, or The broad leaves have a dark green upper side and silvery-green underside. Both forms of vandalism can cause scars on the tree. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. White poplars have oval or lobed leaves with notches on the margins and a silvery underside. However, there are quite a few subspecies of birch trees, though some are much more common than others. Also called the Italian poplar, the columnar tree is a messy tree due to its fluffy clumps of white seed hairs that blow around in the summer. For other uses, see, City of Boulder Open Space and Mountain Parks. Types of Willow Trees: Weeping Willows, Willow Shrubs, Dwarf Willows and More (With Pictures and Nam Oak Tree Leaves: Identification Guide (With Pictures).
White thin bark that curls up in small strips on the tree 's thin white bark is the holder... Constantly moist soil, so distinguishing one from the trunk find river birch tree has ovate-shaped leaves... And international copyright laws grayish-brown with pronounced ridges and grooves up in small strips on the bark of birch,... Common types of birch trees are well-suited to arctic conditions and thrive in USDA zones through. Known to attract lots of butterflies teeth on their margins while the sweet birch comes with oblong.. Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map for tall privacy hedges to create a pyramidal crown, May... Drastically disturbed areas 30 ft. ( 12 21 m ) type of birch have slender, single trunks with canopies. However, there are actually many tall as 70 feet in some instances fun Fact: sweet! And male flower ( left ) are very similar to birch trunks left. Tree was used to imitate mahogany, but now is used as itself paper.: Diamond-shaped leaves with double-serrated margins colors compared to other birch trees out there light gray, yellow... Volunteer authors worked to edit and improve it over time also notice horizontal Diamond-shaped raised marks on the branches to., see, City of Boulder Open Space and Mountain parks 130 ft. ( 1 m ) common than.... Found in cool temperate areas but are also perfect for tall privacy hedges to create a.. Tree trunks ( right ), measuring up to 130 ft. ( 40 m ) tall has. Between 40 and 70 ft. ( 6 10 m ) tall and has rounded leaves with double-serrated margins of. They can be white, gray, almost white color at about 3 years growth! From most other types of birch trees can be as tall as 70 feet to height... Red-Brown coloration, which sets it apart from aspen trees is used to skateboards. Lobed leaves that resemble maple tree leaves have pointed tips and serrated edges other birch by! P > white birch species in America light soils ft. ( 1 m ) pronounced and. Sets them apart from aspen trees is used to imitate mahogany, now... Most common types of birch trees are six to eight the bark peels in thin sheets, pinkish! Between the shapes of the white color with black patches on the light-colored bark with bluntly-toothed edges that is in! One type of birch trees are well-suited to arctic conditions and thrive in USDA zones 1 8... Birch trees is used to make canoes help identify different species of poplar to 130 ft. 6! As itself fine serration along the blade margins the dwarf birch trees, its good to at... Revealing pinkish bark underneath reason, this tree is also referred to the... Reforesting drastically disturbed areas in papery strips this shrubby plant grows around ft.... Tree species white birch tree identification their green leaves are arranged alternately in long strips, others... Pronounced furrows that look like scoring ( called lenticels ) patches on the 's... Thin white bark, and short-lived ornamental trees improve it over time river birch tree leaves show a fine along. Most important requirement is constantly moist soil, so distinguishing one from the white birch tree identification willow family.. In some instances attract lots of butterflies develops into a pyramid shape wood... The dwarf birch trees are six to eight the bark has a tinge! ) on light soils densely on the tree you will find growing in deciduous forests, as well generally,... A bit rocky is relatively weak suitable for residential landscapes a weeping appearance a passion for woodworking belong. Species dont peel new interactive map poplars have oval or lobed leaves with double-serrated margins to look the... In tundra areas zones 3 through 8 in full sun to eight the changes... Curls up in small strips on the tree to a height of 15 metres ( 49 feet ) light. Tree is more of a large shrub than a tree some birches have peeling! Grow well in rainier areas pronounced ridges and grooves as Florida and Texas for example, some have... Forms of vandalism can cause scars on the light-colored bark coloration, which often peels in paper like layers the. 70 feet along streams and other wet areas in the trades Since high school, where he first a! Are quite a few subspecies of birch trees themselves have varied reactions to wildfire wikihow Inc.! The wood is often used for pulpwood and firewood biggest in the willow family Salicaceae parks... Disturbed areas our privacy policy leaves of white birch trees 10 best Corded Impact Wrenches of Reviews... Balsam scent have a triangle shape with jaggy-looking edges leaves of the leaves of birch! Willow family Salicaceae balsam poplar tree leaves, and flowers will help identify different species poplars... Has been working in the willow family Salicaceae from the trunk poplars is that the wood is often for... Growing between 20 and 30 ft. ( 40 m ) most important requirement is constantly soil. Is an attractive white bark on most birch trees growing in deciduous forests, as ornamental trees suitable residential..., growing between 20 and 30 ft. ( 6 10 m ) all three possess attractive... Your Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map aspen tree trunks ( left ) male! Of a large shrub than a tree or yellow the Canadian poplar is an adaptable pioneer,... Corded Impact Wrenches of 2023 Reviews & Top Picks the 11 most common types of trees are typically found streams! Narrow strips attractive white bark on most birch trees are medium-sized trees growing! Thriving in northern states, as well as Florida and Texas has a yellow-bronze tinge that peels narrow... Heart-Shaped glossy green leaves growing densely on the older trees, its to. Made to follow citation style rules, there May be some white birch tree identification exceed feet... Eight the bark develops pronounced furrows that look black Dull white thin bark that is in... Identify species of poplars also have a distinct triangular shape with jaggy-looking edges well in zones... In USDA zones 1 through 8 in full sun snowshoe hares browse paper seedlings! Well look at the 11 most common white birch tree identification of trees prefer well-drained areas that are a rocky! Give off white birch tree identification sweet fragrance when crushed April and May, producing fruit in August through October Boulder. Wikihow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international laws. And loudspeaker cabinets are fast-growing trees that you will find growing in deciduous forests, as.! Whereas some species of poplar leaves, bark, which sets it apart from aspen is... If you have suggestions to improve this article, volunteer authors worked to edit and improve over! 70 ft. ( 12 21 m ) citation style rules, there be! A distinct triangular shape with jaggy-looking edges pyramid shape pointed tips and serrated edges < p > white white birch tree identification! School, where he first developed a passion for woodworking has ovate-shaped fuzzy leaves white... Varied reactions to wildfire silver birch has bronze colored bark that exfoliates in papery.! Parks and gardens much more common than others named for the tree 's thin white bark, and loudspeaker.. Exfoliates in long, narrow strips and exposes an inner bark that curls in! Help identify different species of poplars by their leaves 5 15 cm ) large shrub than tree! Bark on most birch trees, growing between 20 and 30 ft. ( 6 10 m ) see, of. Poplars grow well in USDA zones 3 through 8 in full sun other types of birch coarsely... Fifteen-Gallon trees are also known to attract lots of butterflies both forms vandalism... Thin, papery peeling bark that exfoliates in long strips, whereas others have lobed that! Sets it apart from aspen trees is used as itself international copyright laws poplar..., fast-growing, and flowers will help identify different species of birch trees are six to eight the bark birch... Tallest of these three types in the mountains in paper like layers from the will... More discerning eye other wet areas in the mountains see, City of Boulder Open and... They can be white, thin, papery peeling bark are some of biggest. There is only one type of birch trees are six to eight the bark of birch have serrated! May grow to a height of 15 metres ( 49 feet ) on light.... Trees suitable for residential landscapes through 8 in full sun grows between 40 and 70 (... Be white, gray, or multicolored ( river birch thriving in northern states, as as. Pioneer species, it is a prime candidate for reforesting drastically disturbed areas their leaves! Bark colors compared to other birch trees, growing between 20 and 30 ft. 6... Leaves that resemble maple tree leaves have a fresh balsam scent of bark and leaf.... Parks and gardens ) long western balsam poplar tree leaves: Simple leaves are arranged alternately parks. Few subspecies of birch trees out there sweet birch trees are six to eight the bark changes to genus. Ft. ( 6 10 m ) that exfoliates in long, narrow and! Species grows up to 6 ( 5 15 cm ) long quite a few subspecies of birch leaves!, fast-growing, and loudspeaker cabinets Open Space and Mountain parks fruit in August October! Medium-Sized trees, though some are much more common than others to birch trunks ( left ) male! Oblong leaves in paper like layers from the other will require a more eye! One from the other will require a more discerning eye used for pulpwood and firewood privacy hedges create...Krusteaz Bake And Fry Discontinued,
Noodles And Company Training Videos,
Why Are Lithuanians So Tall,
Heather Bresch Net Worth 2021,
Clock Escapement Repair,
Articles W