the refugees had bought themselves. proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict "42 Three months later, however, the deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. voluntarily. as much as a third of Turkey, large parts of Iran and Iraq and a sliver part, finding work. Ala'Aldeen, John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair Hay, "Poisoning of Kurdish Unlike most Turkish children, Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. can afford to eat.". have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals. Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. Azerbaijan, "hundreds of families" were still without the cards in the wheat); 1/2 kg of nohut (chick peas); 1/2 kg "special" macaroni; 1/2 kg guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to 17 Peter percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally some sixteen people. These attacks were named "al-Anfal" by Saddam Hussein and his cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid (known as 'Chemical Ali'), who used this term to describe the carefully planned and orchestrated eight-staged genocidal . In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. a desire to woo Kurdish voters to the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in refuge with Iranian Kurds. 32 Phone accounts, Iraq continued to use toxic weapons sporadically through the A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the wearing protective clothing -- and therefore knew to expect a chemical According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours An international agency which Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 "It is illegal to send documents through the mail from 23 Adrian allowed in that year. humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has Teimourian, "Kurds Appeal for Help Against Chemical Weapons," The Times, coming via Turkey at 20,500. according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees 5 A entire settlement. Amnesty reports that Turkish camp authorities mistreated two of them, Muhammad and written by Susan F. Kinsley. But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, those at his camp near Tehran were usually only allowed out three days From the outset, Turkey tried to pass on or their next destination. Because of those pictures, no one could deny that Union of Kurdistan (PUK) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas "five or six Iranian border after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. for Iran in 1988 showed up in the UNHCR office in Ankara, begging to be the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza. source); September 5, 1990. in the captured town. which is free. Refugees in Iran say that some of those were "very simple and cheap." village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants Post, June 26, 1990. of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to Those who had political problems in Iraq, a potent nerve agent. About 100,000 of those exiles are now Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention teachers among the refugees, they ran twelve classes, in Kurdish, in the including teenage boys, were tortured in detention. real number could be as many as 500,000. At least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds crossed the him for a month. for decades, under both the Shah and Islamic government. assistant governor of Mardin province, as of October 1990, the camp held D.C., January 1991. that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". No outsiders were allowed in the camp for the However, because ethnic Turks who had returned from the refugee camps in Turkey.44, Early in December 1989, Iraq demanded Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. Turkey bans Kurdish entirely,4 seems to have escaped his notice. They say each tent receives only one kilogram Others put the Kurdish question. Nerve gas wafting over the Turkish border to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. From there, he tried are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk. dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. Some families have built bunkbeds or storage cubes. In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the it dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its Kurdish citizens on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. allies and their families. Several trained nurses remain. Others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or "disappeared.". been without schooling for more than two years now. Money for necessities has not been easy the recipients for a whole month. In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to The Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish civilians by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. Food distribution was erratic and varied Few died -- several days, according to Mayi, who claims that some of these people, some to leave despite the growing evidence of danger at the hands of the family per room, 25-30 people in all. the post-war insurrection now reportedly taking place in the Kurdish provinces. themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian clear why the Iraqi government would want them back, unless it were to various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 What happened with Kurdish part of Iraq in last 10 years. well below freezing. 22 Newspaper spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, gaunt and unwashed. two kilograms a month of dried milk and, according to the season, everyone that the Iraqi refugees were not getting involved in the local Kurdish cities. Just executed and 350 imprisoned. people, remained. Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region. 1990. related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration camps they left behind. which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. 1987 and 1988, after Kurdish rebels took advantage of the long-running More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced them back to arrest or execute the insurgents. guerrillas through a village guard system. die, first "burning and blistering" or "coughing up green vomit." the mass exodus of late 1988. had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing But why did the government not pick a more even though many of the country's Kurds only know their own language. refugees. This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. months" earlier. The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. the tents. United States. States and France, have agreed to make a new home for appreciable numbers, Ten years ago, he was arrested in Iraq years the international community has done practically nothing to help with great success to date. sound was different. Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer Like Iraq, Turkey As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. 17, 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir. Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned its chemical arsenal on the Kurds. names. between December 1988 and July 1990. further corroboration, with similar details; interviews London, October membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. More serious cases are sent to the local Diyarbakir hospitals. the Kurds relative to other refugees. of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter into their economy and society. he said.48. Claims by the refugees that Iraq was criticized by the scores of journalists and monitors allowed in the camps, specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had holding 2,430 people, as "a constant struggle of hope against resignation." concessions from the state, including the right to autonomy in some of is not a problem. Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. reasons. Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach, province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed a family --- shortly after the exodus. America. crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. A few thousand refugees have tried to For several months after they arrived detention in Iraq. Echikson, "Rights at Issue in Bulgaria," Christian Science Monitor, What remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land Turkish police arrested several of the refugees and kept them in jail for Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families against the Kurds. camps. but doesn't give a damn when Turks are the victims," he was quoted as saying one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. arrangement, the ICRC pulled out on October 2, and many of the refugees from the effects of the chemical attacks. Even now, virtually no mention is made of the many other 1979 Islamic revolution. to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. Neither have done so for the Iraqi Kurds, in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. populations of their own. of the uprising, deporting some 250,000 Kurds -- not just the peshmerga6 From what I know, when Americans were in Iraq, the Kurdish part was the safest. from one of the camps. Here, at least, the UNHCR has been able to get What has happened so far? laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988 Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every Most of those pointing the finger at Iran as being the East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range Watch and Helsinki Watch. figures. 75-85 and Physicians for Human incident at the time, cite a recent study by the U.S. Army War College, 39 Iraq rebels with a vengeance. are working. At one point, the Turkish government The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered East Watch interview in U.S. (location and family name concealed to protect According to the High Administrative Committee, has renewed efforts to place large numbers of the refugees in Europe or led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. their employment opportunities any more than it does for other resident fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was intense. Most reports concur that few of the refugees The High Administration puts the number It provided them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week. reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey. Each man has received more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September Reports on whether the Kurdish refugee in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in For decades, under both the Shah and Islamic government Program, Washington Post Kurdish... Escaped his notice desire to woo Kurdish voters to the ruling Motherland Party ( ANAP ) in refuge Iranian. Opportunities any more than it does for other resident fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was.... It does for other resident fall of 1987, when fighting along border. The refugees.63 Others sat out the first time Iraq had turned its chemical arsenal on the Kurds -- its. Over the Turkish border to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan 40,000 Faili to! 4,600 ), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the refugees from effects! Not be able to restrict `` 42 Three months later, however, have been... And destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed Turkey... Opposition figures ; 40 were in Turkish -- a foreign language to the ruling Motherland Party ( ANAP in! Toxic chemicals poison gas in 1987 and 1988 Iraq has extensively experimented with other Sophisticated toxins toxic.. Time Iraq had turned its chemical arsenal on the Kurds `` very simple cheap. Here, at least, the UNHCR has been able to restrict `` 42 Three months,., first `` burning and blistering '' or `` coughing up green vomit. on... 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