Carthage was also forced to give up its fleet and pay a large indemnity in silver to Rome. Did Rome win all three Punic Wars? In 205BC a last attempt was made by Mago to recapture New Carthage when the Roman occupiers were shaken by another mutiny and an Iberian uprising, but he was repulsed. How was a freshwater supply transported from the Tiber River to the city of Rome? How did the Punic Wars affect the Romans? This was insufficient to challenge Hannibal's army in open battle, but sufficient to force him to concentrate his forces and to hamper his movements. The Romans now directed their efforts once more against Sicily. Fighting took place not only in Italy but Spain, Africa and at sea. Mark, Joshua J.. "Punic Wars." [224] The Carthaginian commander in Iberia, Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal, marched into this area in 215BC, offered battle and was defeated at Dertosa, although both sides suffered heavy casualties. [241], Rome and Carthage entered into peace negotiations and Carthage recalled Hannibal from Italy. Updates? How is the US government similar to the Roman Republic? A second Roman fleet, which subsequently reached Africa after defeating the full Carthaginian fleet off Cape Hermaeum (Shark Peninsula), withdrew all the remaining troops. the mountain range in the center of the peninsula. [132][133], By early 237BC, after numerous setbacks, the rebels were defeated and their cities brought back under Carthaginian rule. [122] Polybius regarded the war as "the longest, most continuous and most severely contested war known to us in history". In 218 Hannibal attacked Roman territory, starting from Spain and marching overland into Italy with troops and elephants. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two legions, each of 4,200 infantry[note 4] and 300 cavalry. [270] In the spring of 146BC the Roman army managed to secure a foothold on the fortifications near the harbour. Hannibal won his greatest victory but could not build upon it as Carthage refused to send him the reinforcements and supplies he needed. A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. [170] A large Roman army was lured into combat by Hannibal at the battle of the Trebia, encircled and destroyed. We care about our planet! [225], In 210BC Publius Cornelius Scipio,[note 14] arrived in Iberia with further Roman reinforcements. Carthage was, again, a defeated city but, retaining its trading ships and ten warships to protect them, was able to struggle on and begin to prosper. For 23 years, in the longest continuous conflict and greatest naval war of antiquity, the two powers struggled for supremacy.The war was fought primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and its surrounding waters . Hasdrubal fled Spain, following his brother over the Alps into Italy to join forces. Carthage, on the other hand, had long been anxious to conquer Sicily and so to complete the chain of island posts by which it controlled the western Mediterranean. [150] At some time during the next six years Rome made a separate agreement with the city of Saguntum, which was situated well south of the Ebro. Prior to the conflict, Carthage had grown from a small port-of-call to the richest and most powerful city in the Mediterranean region before 260 BCE. [73] They then pressed Syracuse, the only significant independent power on the island, into allying with them[74] and laid siege to Carthage's main base at Akragas on the south coast. The gap between the wealthy and those living in poverty grew wider. They besieged and captured the Carthaginian base at Agrigentum in 262 but made little impression upon the Carthaginian fortresses in the west of the island and upon the towns of the interior. 1,200 talents was approximately 30,000kg (30 long tons) of silver. Rome won all three wars. This victory had significant repercussions on Roman politics and society. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [208], A rebellion in support of the Carthaginians broke out on Sardinia in 213BC, but it was quickly put down by the Romans. View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Leiden University Scholary Publications Hannibal as spy chief Rose Mary Sheldon Hannibal's abilities as a general are legendary. By 212BC the full complement of the legions deployed would have been in excess of 100,000 men, plus, as always, a similar number of allied troops. How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? Although Rome had no navy and knew nothing of sea battles, they swiftly built and equipped 330 ships. Read the passage from the myth of Romulus and Remus. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. [212], A large Carthaginian army led by Himilco was sent to relieve the city in 213BC. The first Punic war began with a dispute of . At the start of the war Carthage was the dominant power of the western Mediterranean, with an extensive maritime empire, while Rome was a rapidly expanding power in Italy, with a strong army but no navy. [163][225] Claudius Nero brought over reinforcements in 210BC and stabilised the situation. The Mercenary War lasted from 241-237 BCE and, while Carthage was engaged in this conflict, Rome occupied the Carthaginian colonies of Sardinia and Corsica. - Rome won each of the Punic Wars and gained control over the western Mediterranean. [266][268] With no Carthaginian army in the field those cities which had remained loyal went over to the Romans or were captured. The Carthaginian senate refused to comply and so began the Second Punic War. Do native English speakers have accents in other languages? It entered Gaul and took an inland route, to avoid the Roman allies to the south. How did the Punic Wars affect Carthage? [255], In 149BC a Roman army of approximately 50,000 men, jointly commanded by both consuls, landed near Utica, 35 kilometres (22mi) north of Carthage. They changed sides, sending forces to Hiero II. [238], In 205BC Publius Scipio was given command of the legions in Sicily and allowed to enrol volunteers for his plan to end the war by an invasion of Africa. The infantry from these areas were unarmoured troops who would charge ferociously, but had a reputation for breaking off if a combat was protracted. Your email address will not be published. [19] Goldsworthy writes "Polybius' account is usually to be preferred when it differs with any of our other accounts". The Carthaginian territory became the Roman province of Africa. When Hiero II (r. 270-215 BCE) of neighboring Syracuse fought against the Mamertines of Messina, the Mamertines asked first Carthage and then Rome for help. [126], The Mercenary, or Truceless, War began in 241BC as a dispute over the payment of wages owed to 20,000 foreign soldiers who had fought for Carthage on Sicily during the First Punic War. Required fields are marked *. The king then threw the two babies into the Tiber River. Under what condition were Roman women allowed to run businesses? Omissions? How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? Which branch of government in the Roman Republic was led by two consuls? The Punic Wars, also known as the Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. Scipio Africanus. To the south of the border of the Ebro lay the city of Saguntum, a Roman ally, and, in 218 BCE, Hannibal lay siege to the city and took it. Pompeii, a flourishing resort city south of ancient Rome, was nestled along the coast of Italy in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius, an active volcano. During the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal famously led his army, including three . The challenge the nascent Roman Empire faced wasn't just that their opponents were bigger than them. Founded by the Phoenicians in the ninth century BC, Carthage reached its height in the fourth century BC as one of the largest metropolises in the world and the centre of the Carthaginian Empire, a major power in the ancient world that . These wars were fought on three frontiers. Which statement best describes educational opportunities in Roman society? [229], In the spring of 208BC Hasdrubal moved to engage Scipio at the battle of Baecula. [256][257] Elements in the Roman Senate had long wished to destroy Carthage and with the breach of the treaty as a casus belli, war was declared in 149BC. Answer: In the first Punic War, Carthaginian expansion into Sicily was reversed and they were forced out of Sicily. In total there were three Punic Wars, which were all fought between the Empires of Carthage and Rome for the role reasoning of gaining more territory, whether it be for military or economic reasons. Fall of Carthage. The two sides' infantry fought inconclusively until the Roman cavalry returned and attacked the Carthaginian rear. Having lost many of his elephants on his march over the mountains, and lacking necessary siege engines and troops, Hannibal was caught in southern Italy in a cat and mouse game with the Roman army under Quintus Fabius Maximus. The Carthaginian formation collapsed; Hannibal was one of the few to escape the field. A friend of and mentor to Scipio Aemilianus, he was an eyewitness to the siege and destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. The western Mediterranean during the Punic Wars, Learn about the rise and fall of the Carthaginian empire. Seeing the crying babies, she took pity on them. ~. Neither Carthage nor Rome successfully won the battle over . However, by 146 BC, the Romans had achieved a total victory over Carthage and had wiped the city from the face of the earth. [46][47] The Carthaginians also employed war elephants; North Africa had indigenous African forest elephants at the time. This battle confirmed Roman dominance in Italy and marked the end of their Fabian strategy. How did the expansion of the Roman Republic affect small farmers? This conflict was fought entirely on Carthage's territories in what is now Tunisia and centred on the siege of Carthage. The Third Punic War was essentially the siege of Carthage; it led to the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its people, and Roman hegemony in the western Mediterranean. Carthage (/ k r d / KAR-thij) was a settlement in what is now known as modern Tunisia that later became a city-state and then an empire. The First Punic War (264-241 BC) The First Punic War was a conflict between Rome and Carthage. [160] At the battle of the Rhone Crossing Hannibal defeated a force of local Gauls which sought to bar his way. [17] Modern historians usually take into account the writings of various Roman annalists, some contemporary; the Sicilian Greek Diodorus Siculus; and the later Roman historians[14] Plutarch, Appian,[note 2] and Dio Cassius. [23], Beginning in 480BC Carthage fought a series of inconclusive wars against the Greek city-states of Sicily, led by Syracuse. Follow the steps: [140][141][142], With the suppression of the rebellion, Hamilcar understood that Carthage needed to strengthen its economic and military base if it were to again confront Rome. [243] Hannibal was placed in command of an army formed from his and Mago's veterans from Italy and newly raised troops from Africa, but with few cavalry. The Punic Wars took place in the years 264 B.C. [229] In a carefully planned assault in 209BC, he captured Cartago Nova, the lightly-defended centre of Carthaginian power in Iberia. The Romans fought against the city of Carthage which then ended in their destruction. [67] As a result, the Romans were initially at a disadvantage against the more experienced Carthaginians. [76], After this the land war on Sicily reached a stalemate as the Carthaginians focused on defending their well-fortified towns and cities; these were mostly on the coast and so could be supplied and reinforced without the Romans being able to use their superior army to interfere. In 255, under Xanthippus command, they offered battle to Regulus, who had taken up position with an inadequate force near Tunis, outmaneuvered him, and destroyed the bulk of his army. Accordingly they equipped a new army in which, by the advice of a Greek captain of mercenaries named Xanthippus, cavalry and elephants formed the strongest arm. At the Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE, Hannibal placed his Gauls in the center of his lines, expecting they would give way before the Roman forces. The First Punic War broke out on the Mediterranean island of Sicily in 264BC as a result of Rome's expansionary attitude combined with Carthage's proprietary approach to the island. The territory and allies of Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the Second Punic War. What was the role of the judicial branch of Roman government? [34][35], Carthaginian citizens only served in their army if there was a direct threat to the city of Carthage. [note 7][44][49], Garrison duty and land blockades were the most common operations. During the war, the Carthaginian government had repeatedly failed to pay its mercenary army and so, in 241 BCE, these mercenaries laid siege to the city. [255] Carthage had paid off its indemnity and was prospering economically, but was no military threat to Rome. In 146BC the Romans stormed the city of Carthage, sacked it, slaughtered or enslaved most of its population, and completely demolished the city. Small farmers could not compete with higher levels of production from large estates. Carthage continued paying the war debt to Rome for the agreed upon fifty years and, when it was done, considered their treaty with Rome completed also. To counter this, the Romans introduced the corvus, a bridge 1.2 metres (4 feet) wide and 11 metres (36 feet) long, with a heavy spike on the underside, which was designed to pierce and anchor into an enemy ship's deck. [83], Taking advantage of their naval victories the Romans launched an invasion of North Africa in 256BC,[86] which the Carthaginians intercepted at the battle of Cape Ecnomus off the southern coast of Sicily. . Your email address will not be published. These conquests aroused the suspicions of Rome, which in a treaty with Hasdrubal confined the Carthaginians to the south of the Ebro. The origin of these conflicts is to be found in the position which Rome acquired, about 275 bce, as leader and protector . The campaign ended in disaster for the Carthaginians and their army surrendered. After studying the Punic Wars, it's sometimes difficult to identify the causes and effects of each war, including the effects on the incapacitated people of Carthage. [64] As novice shipwrights, the Romans built copies that were heavier than the Carthaginian vessels; thus they were slower and less manoeuvrable. The Carthaginian council upheld Hannibals action and drew upon itself a declaration of war. The Roman general Scipio Aemilianus (l. 185-129 BCE) besieged the city for three years and, when it fell, sacked it and burned it to the ground. The Republic at War (218-201BC) The Second Punic War was an unprecedented challenge for the Romans in a variety of ways, one being the multiple theatres in which it was fought. The Battle of the Metaurus (207 BCE) was a military engagement Carthaginian warfare has been overshadowed by defeat to Rome in Scipio Africanus Major (l. 236-183 BCE) received his epithet due Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome: Trust in the Gods but Verify, Livy: The Early History of Rome, Books I-V. [68][69][70], Much of the First Punic War was fought on, or in the waters near, Sicily. What is a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides? And after the war ended, many veterans from farming families preferred settling in cities, especially Rome, rather than return to the countryside. This one originated due to the hatred between the Romans and Carthaginians, as well as the resurgence of Carthage's army. During the long 23 years of conflict, Rome lost over 600 ships, Carthage at least 500. It is a combination of hills, mountains, and plains. Mago marched his reinforced army towards the lands of Carthage's main Gallic allies in the Po Valley, but was checked by a large Roman army and defeated at the battle of Insubria in 203BC. Vast amounts of materiel were delivered, including 200,000 sets of armour, 2,000 catapults and a large number of warships. The attendant new obligation to safeguard the peninsula against foreign interference made it necessary not to allow the neighbouring island of Sicily to fall into the hands of a strong and expansive power. The treaties of friendship between Rome and Carthage were based mainly on trade. [184], In the 216BC elections Gaius Varro and Lucius Paullus were elected as consuls; both were more aggressive-minded than Fabius. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. [63][87] The Carthaginians were again beaten;[88] this was possibly the largest naval battle in history by the number of combatants involved. [173][174] The Romans stationed an army at Arretium and one on the Adriatic coast to block Hannibal's advance into central Italy. [167][168] In late November the Carthaginian cavalry routed the cavalry and light infantry of the Romans at the battle of Ticinus. Mark, Joshua J.. "Punic Wars." [273] The next morning the Romans started systematically working their way through the residential part of the city, killing everyone they encountered and firing the buildings behind them. [95][96][97] It is possible that the presence of the corvus, making the Roman ships unusually unseaworthy, contributed to this disaster; there is no record of them being used again. Hiero II, the tyrant of Syracuse for the previous forty-five years and a staunch Roman ally, died in that year and his successor Hieronymus was discontented with his situation. As they had gone to war without Rome's approval, the Roman senate considered Carthage a threat to the peace again. 10,000 talents was approximately 269,000kg (265 long tons) of silver. How was Rome's economy affected by Rome's conquest of new lands? The strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily were the focus of the First Punic War. Many senior Carthaginians wanted to reject it, but Hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was accepted in spring 201BC. [217][218], In 205BC, Mago landed in Genua in north-west Italy with the remnants of his Spanish army (see Iberia below) where it received Gallic and Ligurian reinforcements. Both legionary sub-units and individual legionaries fought in relatively open order. How did patricians satisfy people at the end of the Roman Republic? The three Punic Wars between . Why were Carthage and Rome continually at war between 264 and 146 BCE? [130] He campaigned successfully, initially demonstrating leniency in an attempt to woo the rebels over. [175][183] Hannibal marched through the richest and most fertile provinces of Italy, hoping the devastation would draw Fabius into battle, but Fabius refused. Omissions? In 264, the Carthaginians intervened in a dispute between Messana and Syracuse, the two major cities on Sicilys east coast, and as a result, they established a presence on the island. Communicable diseases existed during humankinds hunter-gatherer days, but the shift to agrarian read more. Among the many legacies read more, In 219 B.C., Hannibal of Carthage led an attack on Saguntum, an independent city allied with Rome, which sparked the outbreak of the Second Punic War. With those two men he was integral to Romes transition from republic to empire. By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Carthagea powerful city-state in North Africahad established itself as the leading maritime power in the world. This was not popular with parts of the Roman army, public and senate, since he avoided battle while Italy was being devastated by the enemy. An army was usually formed by combining a Roman legion with a similarly sized and equipped legion provided by their Latin allies; allied legions usually had a larger attached complement of cavalry than Roman ones. The Romans took the Punic Wars to be a purely military affair and used the military as the primary tool of warfare. Carthage expanded into Spain because of its loss of Sicily. By a magnificent effort on the part of private citizens a fleet of 200 warships was equipped and sent out to renew the blockade of Lilybaeum. When they did exactly that, and the Romans pressed what they saw as an advantage and followed them, Hannibal closed from behind and the sides, enveloping the Roman forces and crushing them. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [2][6][7] Modern historians consider Polybius to have treated the relatives of Scipio Aemilianus, his patron and friend, unduly favourably but the consensus is to accept his account largely at face value. At some point also Rome entered into relations with Saguntum (Sagunto), a town on the east coast, south of the Ebro. All except the smallest towns were too well fortified for Hannibal to take by assault and blockade could be a long-drawn-out affair, or, if the target was a port, impossible. Rome underwent economic changes that resulted in the establishment of the practice of Roman aristocrats paying extra costs of the war in exchange for an exemption from military service. [190] At least 67,500 Romans were killed or captured. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Punic_Wars/. One of those disinherited was the Numidian prince Masinissa, who was thus driven into the arms of Rome. Carthage withstood the Roman siege for two years before a change of Roman command put the young general Scipio Aemilianus (later known as Scipio the Younger) in charge of the North Africa campaign in 147 B.C. Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck, Deborah Gray White, Edward L. Ayers, Jess F. de la Teja, Robert D. Schulzinger. Hannibal. When an epidemic spreads beyond a countrys borders, thats when the disease officially becomes a pandemic. [53][54] Forming up in battle order was a complicated and premeditated affair, which took several hours. [187][188] Paullus and Varro marched southward to confront Hannibal, who accepted battle on the open plain near Cannae. [250] Scipio was awarded a triumph and received the agnomen "Africanus". He defeated the Romans at Drepana in 249 BCE but then was forced to withdraw due to a lack of manpower and supplies. The Carthaginians, whose citizen levy was utterly disorganized, could neither keep the field against the invaders nor prevent their subjects from revolting. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Hannibal then proceeded to win every single engagement against the Romans, conquering northern Italy and gathering former allies of Rome to his side. The Second Punic War saw Hannibal and his troopsincluding as many as 90,000 infantry, 12,000 cavalry and a number of elephantsmarch from Spain across the Alps and into Italy, where they scored a string of victories over Roman troops at Ticinus, Trebia and Trasimene. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Carthage controlled the Mediterranean and Rome was expanding, bringing the two into conflict. The triumvirate took control of the government. [42][56], Quinqueremes, meaning "five-oarsmen",[57] provided the workhorses of the Roman and Carthaginian fleets throughout the Punic Wars. The Carthaginians refused to comply with this and so began the Third Punic War. Why were roads important to the military expansion of the Roman Republic? 1 In fact, the Carthaginian's activities in the Second Punic War made such a lasting impression on history that the conflict was branded 'Hannibal's War'. [120], The Romans rebuilt their fleet again in 243BC after the Senate approached Rome's wealthiest citizens for loans to finance the construction of one ship each, repayable from the reparations to be imposed on Carthage once the war was won. [201] A second force, under Hannibal's youngest brother Mago, was meant to land in Italy in 215BC but was diverted to Iberia after the Carthaginian defeat there at the battle of Dertosa. [220] They sailed from Croton[221] and landed at Carthage with 15,00020,000 experienced veterans. The boys decided to build a city where the wolf had fed them. [60] It would also normally carry a complement of 40 marines;[61] if battle was thought to be imminent this would be increased to as many as 120. The Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage did not officially end until a peace treaty was signed in 1985 AD. After one campaign they were ready to sue for peace, but the terms which the Roman commander Marcus Atilius Regulus offered were intolerably harsh. What did the Romans do to help protect most cities from attack? The Syracusan army proved no match for a Roman army led by Claudius Marcellus and by spring 213BC Syracuse was besieged. 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