Fortune, by the Hitchhikers; the rest of the music this week was composed byLuis Guerra. It may help if youre not originally from here. On many Freakonomics Radio episodes, well hear about some idea or policy that works well elsewhere in the world but hasnt taken root in the U.S. HOFSTEDE: Well, if you want an honest answer, I think mainly our own curiosity. As we heard, the first four dimensions originated with the I.B.M. But if youre not an economist, if youre a regular human being, you can see why the second player might reject a $1 offer. The incentives of just any regular person are greatly shown because money or personal gain can take over any man or woman no matter how old. In indulgent societies, more people play sports, while in restrained societies, sports are more something you watch. Europe has a strong influence from Germany, also from France. Gelfand has spent a lot of time trying to understand how a given countrys looseness or tightness affects everyday life. Thats Joe Henrich, a professor of evolutionary biology. Its focus on individual behaviour also lends itself to a preoccupation with manipulating individual choices. Its like, Oh, my gosh, that is so amazing. I was feeling like I have to tell that to my kids as a good parent, training my kids to be vertical and individualistic. Steven D. Levitt, the self-described "Rogue Economist" of the title, uses this tool to analyze a random assortment of . One of the areas of cultural study that first hooked her had to do with optical illusions. A dream team of directors e. The fifth dimension in the Hofstede universe came in the early 1980s, in collaboration with a Canadian social psychologist named Michael Bond, who was working in Hong Kong. In a more masculine society, men and women adhere to the gender roles you might think of as patriarchal: fathers, for instance, take care of the facts, while mothers handle the emotions. So then he really knew this is not an artifact of this particular company this is real. But when you use data to measure the specific dimensions of a given culture, and compare them to other countries, you see some stark differences. Dubner speaks with Nobel laureates and provocateurs, intellectuals and entrepreneurs, and various other underachievers. Those are the things you cant necessarily plan and account for in building models of how you expect people to react in different situations. If youre a constrained sort of person, you wont go far in the U.S. Stephen DUBNER: Im curious whether youve ever been accused of political incorrectness in your study of national cultures. Apparently over 50 percent of cats and dogs in the U.S. are obese. HOFSTEDE: You could say these six dimensions of culture, they are perimeters to our sociality. Michele Gelfand wasnt interested in that. HOFSTEDE: Yes, especially by people from Anglo countries. The book Freakonomics by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, is designed to pose fundamental questions concerning economics using a variety of imaginative comparisons and questions. GELFAND: Apparently over 50 percent of cats and dogs in the U.S. are obese. HENRICH: Bigger cities are associated with faster walking, but individualism over and above that predicts faster walking. The snob effect occurs when an individual's demand for a specific product increases when the number of units of that product other people purchase increases. This is part of the history that made the U.S. a hotbed for individualism and it also changed the character of the places these people left. Stripped of our culturally acquired mental skills, he writes, we are not so impressive when we go head-to-head in problem-solving tests against other apes, and we certainly are not impressive enough to account for the vast success of our species. Henrich recently followed that book with another one called The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous. We are acronymically WEIRD. 1-Page Summary 1-Page Book Summary of Freakonomics. And in a collectivistic society, a person is like an atom in a crystal. Through forceful storytelling and wry insight, they show that economics is . And they often dont even realize theyre being acted upon. HENRICH: This cashes out in an ability to make better abstract or absolute judgment. "The conventional wisdom is often wrong.". A. GELFAND: Like during 9/11, during World Wars, we see increases in tightness. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if . Michele Gelfand again: GELFAND: De Tocqueville noticed this about Americans, that we are a time is money country. GELFAND: We have a lot of work to do, theres no question. GELFAND: We have a whole new map of the U.S. where we can actually rank-order the U.S. 50 states in terms of how much threat they have. This paper examines the production of race on the Internet by examining the elements that make up the weblog Freakonomics: the topic, the environment, the medium, and the users. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism av Freakonomics Radio direkt i din mobil, surfplatta eller webblsare - utan app. And by the way, in that sense, the U.S.A. is also a huge laboratory of society formation, hopefully, which is by no means finished. DUBNER: What problem was he, and later you, trying to solve by doing this work? So the Singapore government says, Look, this is our culture The rest of that sentence didnt have to be said. DUBNER: So does all the data come from workplace interviews essentially of white-collar and pink-collar workers, or does it go broader than that? The sixth and, for now, final dimension was added to the model in 2010. The New Yorker's Malcolm . But yes, its all workplace. DUBNER: Name some of the highest and lowest countries on this dimension. In contrast, the Freakonomics blog features the work of Levitt's friends, and SuperFreakonomics relies heavily on anecdotes, gee-whiz technology reporting and work by Levitt's friends and colleagues. HOFSTEDE: For the U.S.A., the world is like a market. That is generated by looseness. Heres how he puts it in his latest book: You cant separate culture from psychology or psychology from biology, because culture physically rewires our brains and thereby shapes how we think. One example he gives is literacy. But we tried to address that. So its not necessarily the case that my country is better. Is that the case? We visit the world's busiest airport to see . Whereas uncertainty avoidance means you have lots of etiquette and ritual. Most sociologists agree that individualistic cultures value individual choice, personal freedom, and self-actualization (Kemmelmeier 2002). - Lyssna p 470. GELFAND: Exactly. Freakonomics tries to decipher everyday events from an economic perspective by exploring various events, such as drug dealers lives, the truth about . In a future episode, well look at why the U.S., for all its wealth, has such a high rate of child poverty, and whats being done to address that. making a claim about his individual experiences and looking for evidence. Again, its worth repeating that no culture is a monolith. So $10 in this case. Im a professor of artificial sociality at Wageningen University, in the Netherlands. Its waiting to happen because people in this individualistic, indulgent society, they want to be merry. And I was like, This is every day in America! And that happens a lot. But the Chinese, even rich, will be a lot more collectivistic and a lot more long-term-oriented than the Americans. Michele Gelfand and several co-authors recently published a study in The Lancet about how Covid played out in loose versus tight cultures. And thats because the vast majority of the research subjects are WEIRD. So, they would offer a mean of about 25, 26 percent. Innovation requires coming up with a lot of ideas. Joe Henrich again: HENRICH: In some societies, people really attend to scent, and they have a complex set of language terms that have the equivalent of basic color categories for scents. HOFSTEDE: Thats my idea. to let him focus even more on this data. Whereas in other contexts, like in the Middle East, when you think about honor, you think about your family, you think about your purity, your dutifulness, and so forth much less so about accomplishments. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything is the debut non-fiction book by University of Chicago economist Steven Levitt and New York Times journalist Stephen J. Dubner.Published on April 12, 2005, by William Morrow, the book has been described as melding pop culture with economics. But even a loose country will tighten up when a threat arises. He started out as an anthropologist; but he started mixing and matching disciplines to suit his curiosity. No difference, that is, between tight and loose cultures. And this is what Europe has. Freakonomics the film, like the book, is entertaining and sometimes thought-provoking. To that end, the digital revolution is further shrinking the distance to power. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism (Ep. Published: 31 October 2020. (That will also need some explaining.) GELFAND: Having more adaptability, more innovation. Everything in economics can be viewed from the point of incentives. HENRICH: Im a researcher who tries to apply evolutionary theory to understand human behavior and human psychology and particularly culture. The examples include: school teachers and sumo wrestlers cheating, the Ku Klux . Yes, other phenomena like how things smell to us. And life is an adventure. For the last few months, the city-state has seen just a handful of Covid-19 cases. And that also means that fighting is a good way to get what you want. The correct answer of the given question above would be the second option. But one has arrows going out and one in? We look at how these traits affect . And then you see how often the subject wants to go along with the other people, as opposed to give the answer they would give if they were by themselves. In another condition, they were wearing tattoos and nose rings and purple hair. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. We should be nice to one another. But when push comes to shove, most of the time it doesnt go that way. we're looking out for the best interest of our individual pursuits. The notion of the American Dream has long been that prosperity is just sitting out there, waiting for anyone to grab itas long as youre willing to work hard enough. It's part of our founding D.N.A. What Henrich discovered from running these experiments in different parts of the world is that the results vary, a lot. As of today, it covers six dimensions or, as the Hofstedes put it, six basic issues that society needs to organize itself. Its called the 6-D, or 6-Dimension, Model of National Culture, and it is one of the most intriguing explanations Ive ever seen for why American society is such an outlier in the world for better and worse. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, works on a larger scale. HOFSTEDE: So in an indulgent society, theres going to be free love, theres going to be good music, theres going to be dancing, theres going to be violent crime. She decided that the key difference, the right place to start measuring, was whether the culture in a given country is tight or loose. So I am actually optimistic. Neal is a professor of African and African-American studies. HENRICH: So, Francisco is a good pal of mine and hes also a very charming fellow. Thats Joe Henrich, a professor of evolutionary biology at Harvard; hes also a scholar of psychology, economics, and anthropology. Since his first study, many people have started to do similar studies. And if there are crumbs in the sheets, theyll get in your pajamas. Neal sees a strong connection between U.S. masculinity and our appetite for work. BROADCASTER: On the third trial, something happens. Go out there and make it happen. And they were finding that people in Africa were not falling victim to this illusion. Nobody can feel insulted. HOFSTEDE: Yes, of course. Where would you think the U.S. ranks among all the countries measured on this dimension? Michele Gelfand is one of the premier practitioners of cross-cultural psychology. And I could see there, a little bit similarly to the U.S., how the various ethnicities are trying to live together. OLIVER: When was that moment when America became the most American America it could possibly be? He was a professor in both the economics and psychology departments, which was weird in its own way lower-case weird since Henrich had never taken a course in either subject. Michele Gelfand has another example of how culture shapes perception. You may decide to go another way, but that doesnt make the river change. (Part 1 of "Freakonomics Radio Takes to the Skies.") 58 min. Also, he uses some very bold examples (crime rates versus abortion, drug dealership, cheating teachers, etc) to make some very simple . So if you ask people to judge the absolute lengths of two lines, people in more individualistic societies tend to get that right. GELFAND: The U.S. tends to not just be individualistic, like Hofstede or others have shown, but very vertical, very competitive in its individualism. Its more about how individuals are acted upon by the people and institutions around them. An expert doesn't so much argue the various sides of an issue as plant his flag firmly on one side. Potentially offensive or not, Hofstede really believes in the power of culture so much so that he remains the steward of a massive research project begun more than 50 years ago by his late father. You can even see the evidence in the clocks that appear on city streets. Michele GELFAND: The people that came to New York early on, they were from all sorts of different cultural backgrounds, and thats helped produce the looseness that exists to this day. She grew up in Tasmania. HENRICH: So places like New York and London, people are blazing down the sidewalks. Some researchers looked at these results and came up with a new label for humans in this context: Homo reciprocans. To become American and to be American is to be individual. The study of culture is a family business for Hofstede. . Our staff also includesAlison Craiglow,Greg Rippin,Joel Meyer,Tricia Bobeda, Mary Diduch, Zack Lapinski, Emma Tyrrell, Lyric Bowditch, Jasmin Klinger,andJacob Clemente. As an Amazon Associate, Freakonomics may earn commissions from qualifying purchases made through links on this site. This does not mean that no one in a loose culture, like the U.S., is stigmatized or mistreated. Another one: impatience. The downsides of looseness are less coordination, less self-control; more crime and quality-of-life problems. Later on, fast forward, Pertti Pelto, whos an anthropologist. GELFAND: I do work with the U.S. Navy and other organizations that are trying to have that kind of balance. Yes, the United States of America. Its also the cleaning lady. HENRICH: If you go to other societies, people are much more willing to give the same wrong answer to go along with others. So, organizations you can think about them as the people, the practices, and the leaders. Were realizing that part of that push forward theres a toxicity to that in terms of how you treat other people, how you think about institutions. Individualism encompasses a value system, a theory of human nature, and a belief in certain political, economic, social, and religious arrangements. They tend to veer tighter on our measures than places on the coast. GELFAND: The next day, I booked a trip to Egypt. But Bush also wanted to avoid going to war with Iraq. But then she took a semester abroad, to London. Based on the given excerpt above from Freakonomics, the claim that is supported by the evidence in this excerpt is that, The close relationship between sumo wrestlers could be an incentive for an elite wrestler to throw a match he doesn't need to win. But it can make life harder for the millions of Americans who arent so entrepreneurial, or rugged, or individualistic. Listen to this episode from Freakonomics Radio on Spotify. A child is a child, and a parent is a parent, and a parent decides for the child. Henrich is saying that the export of American ideas isnt necessarily easier. And when I started to work with Harry Triandis, who was one of the founders of the field, I thought, Wow, this is a super-interesting construct. U.S. President George H.W. The average U.S. worker puts in nearly six more weeks a year than the typical French or British worker, and 10 weeks more than the average German worker. The answer to that is usually: no, you cant. And yes, well talk about what makes America, America at least as seen through the eyes of Kumail Nanjiani, who was born in Pakistan. We need to have different types of leadership. In our previous episode, we made what may sound like a bold claim. HOFSTEDE: Okay, no, I was just being naughty. That would be very beneficial because now you might be going down the path of civil war, really. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better). The sixth dimension is called indulgence vs. restraint.. Some of the measurable differences were a bit odd. Everyone knows there are differences between people in different countries, but his approach was a quantifiable approach. This episode was produced byBrent Katz. The findings, published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, show that increasing socioeconomic development is an especially strong predictor of increasing individualistic practices and values . When youre trying to understand the nature of something, an outside view can be extremely helpful. Like, the military should be tighter than tech. But that makes sense. The first is that a model of anything even nearly as complex as a national culture is bound to miss a lot of nuance. you ask. NEAL: We realized that the grind is unsustainable. And then in a third condition they were wearing just their face. DUBNER: Although the U.S. is relatively high on suicide and homicide, so are we an outlier in that regard as well? But can a smart policy be simply transplanted into a country as culturally unusual (and as supremely WEIRD) as America? Not just regular weird. Consider the prominent Muppets Bert and Ernie. The U.S. comes in on the indulgent side, at 68. Once you begin looking for evidence, you see an almost infinite array of examples. employees in more than 50 countries. HOFSTEDE: So youre asking about cultural convergence. But its not only compliance. Download. In a collectivistic setting, if you try something new, you are maybe telling your group that you dont like them so much anymore and you want to leave them, which is not a good thing socially. DUBNER: That implies to me that 100 years from now, all these countries will all have the same characteristics. Think Belarus, Myanmar, Russia, China. You might want to change, but if you get ostracized, its very difficult to persist. As always, thanks for listening and again, I do hope you'll also start . Here in the U.S., its actually a rule violation to call out people who are violating norms. The individual agents/brokers only take a $150 hit after their costs/fees. Around this time, he started doing some teaching at the Institute for Management Development in Lausanne, Switzerland. SFU will never request our users provide or confirm their Computing ID or password via email or by going to any web site. 47 min. HENRICH: But if you want to talk about humans, then you have a problem. He considered a rate between 80 and 90 percent . Why arent all national cultures converging by now? DUBNER: But that the research subjects, they gave him a lot back and they thought it was going to him. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertain. Did you know there is an entire academic field called cross-cultural psychology? Better Essays. In Germany, for instance, labor unions often have a representative on company boards, which can radically change the dynamic between companies and employees. The U.S. is a pretty successful country, maybe the most successful country on many dimensions in the history of the world. China is also very collectivistic and so are the Southeast Asian countries, but not Japan. HOFSTEDE: High individualism is correlated with trying new stuff. She says these are merely visible indicators of a countrys tightness or looseness and its what you dont necessarily see that shapes a given countrys culture. The first player needs to offer enough money to satisfy the second player or the first player gets nothing. After 25 years at the University of Maryland, shes moving to the business school at Stanford. 1424 Words. NEAL: We think about improvisation in the context, obviously, of creative and musical terms, but its also a way of always having to adapt to the changing political, social, and cultural realities. Now, California is a real interesting exception because it has a lot of threat. And heres one of the people who created the WEIRD designation. Culture is not genetics or biology or individual characteristics. I think Joe Biden, for instance, hes trying to play the card of, Were all Americans. The U.S. patent database goes back into the 18th century and what a number of studies in economics as well as work in my lab has shown is that openness to other people so, trust in strangers, an inclination towards individualism, a desire to stand out, to be the smartest guy in the room fosters more rapid innovation because people are more likely to exchange ideas, theyre more interested in distinguishing themselves. The U.S., according to this analysis, is comparatively a short-term country. Theyre threatened by that interdependence, and they want to assert their cultural identities. Its hard in either direction not just because some cultures are tighter than others. The strongest parts of the original Freakonomics book revolved around Levitt's own peer-reviewed research. And he said the reason was that he was a young postdoc, and he had holes in his jeans. Freakonomics, which weighs in at just over 200 pages (plus a hefty section of bonus material for those interested in learning more), takes as its principal argument the idea that economics exist as a tool to study society. We often look to other countries for smart policies on education, healthcare, infrastructure, etc. HOFSTEDE: My name is Gert Jan Hofstede. I think those fundamental religious beliefs extend to the American view of what leadership should look like outside of the church in the corporation, in the legislatures, and what have you. In any case, heres how Gelfand breaks down the upsides and downsides of tight cultures. You have to pronounce it right. In other places they dont think its a smart idea to be consistent. GELFAND: I grew up on Long Island. Latin countries tend to be more collectivistic, especially Spain and Portugal not so much Italy and France. You can never admit weakness or failure. 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