Grape-pressings from northern Greece: the earliest wine in the Aegean? Applications of Microbial Genetics - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. In addition, the recombinant DNA technique has facilitated the availability of microbial biosensors in the market, providing a new direction to manipulate their selectivity and sensitivity at the DNA level. 11:64. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-64, Baldo, B. A. In vitro activity of Bacillus firmus against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Int. An overview of physico-chemical mechanisms of biogas production by microbial communities: a step towards sustainable waste management. Quart. Actuators B 138, 581586. Microbial genetics provides powerful tools for deciphering the regulation, as well as the functional and pathway organization, of cellular processes. (2016). Microbial genetics plays a crucial role in field of molecular and cell biology and profound applications in medicine, food, agriculture and pharmaceutical industries. Taken together, these mechanisms are known as gene silencing. 6:e1000833. The use of viral promoters enhances gene expression and improves mRNA stability related to antigen synthesis. Bacteriol. 151, 684691. Curr. Biomater. Many factors determine the microbial community present during composting, but under aerobic conditions, temperature is the main factor determining not only the microbial types but also the species diversity and metabolic rate (Hassen et al., 2001). doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.065, Lesage-Meessen, L., Lomascolo, A., Bonnin, E., Thibault, J.-F., Buleon, A., Roller, M., et al. By contrast, females infected with the bacterium will produce the highest number of viable offspring, increasing the number of infected individuals in the population (Figure 3A). FIGURE 3. israelensis. doi: 10.5433/1679-0375.2011v32n2p213, Mitragotri, S., Burke, P. A., and Langer, R. (2014). (2016). They have found application in many industries including foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, detergents, textiles, leather, chemicals, biofuels, animal feed, personal care, pulp and paper, diagnostics, and therapy. Entomol. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00065-7, Hay, I. D., Rehman, Z. U., Moradali, M. F., Wang, Y., and Rehm, B. H. A. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) combined with the synergistic properties of quercetin and acetylcholine showed inhibitory effect on MRSA. New horizons in adjuvants for vaccine development. With successive generations, the number of male and female mosquitoes with the bacterium tends to increase until the entire mosquito population bears this characteristic. 94, 3746. doi: 10.1016/S0032-9592(02)00332-1, Saravanakumar, K., Yu, C., Dou, K., Wang, M., Li, Y., and Chen, J. Bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilage. N. Engl. For example, at one time, it was possible to treat diabetes only by giving patients pig insulin, which caused allergic reactions due to small differences between the proteins expressed in human and pig insulin. Beer, Bread, and Wine. The polygenic basis of the high acetic acid tolerance present in some strains of S. cerevisiae is still unknown, but its identification may lead to greater efficacy in improving acetic acid tolerance in strains without negatively affecting other industrially important yeast properties (Meijnen et al., 2016). The importance of water potential range tolerance as a limiting factor on Trichoderma spp. By contrast, the products of heterologous proteins obtained from S. cerevisiae comprise hormones (insulin, insulin analogs, and glucagon), vaccines (hepatitis B virus surface antigen), and virus-like particles (VLPs) (Ferrer-Miralles et al., 2009). Adv. Bioplastic can also be produced as a byproduct of biorefinery using acidogenic fermentation or pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, as well as a by-product of the biotreatment of solid or liquid wastes (Ivanov and Stabnikov, 2016). 48, 247249. Loperon: groupe de gnes expression coordonn par un oprateur. B. (2016). Pasteur, L. (1857). 7:1625. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01625, Rinke, C., Schwientek, P., Sczyrba, A., Ivanova, N. N., Anderson, I. J., Cheng, J.-F., et al. Sci. Superbugthe so-called NDM-1. Trends Microbiol. (2003). Technol. More than 200 new antibiotics have been generated through the targeted inactivation of genes and the novel combination of antibiotic synthesis genes in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces hosts.3, Genetic engineering is also used to manufacture subunit vaccines, which are safer than other vaccines because they contain only a single antigenic molecule and lack any part of the genome of the pathogen (see Vaccines). Specific interactions with extracellular matrix components allow the use of chitosan in the field of tissue engineering to repair skin, bone, and cartilage (Khor and Lim, 2003). 85, 719726. Spectr. The development of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and its possible use in adults. Bioresour. A solution can . FASEB J 30, 918. LV conceived this article, reviewed the existing literature, participated in writing, and created the figures. Biofuel Bioprod. CPR bacteria have small genomes and unusual ribosomal compositions, in addition to lacking numerous biosynthetic pathways (Brown et al., 2015), whereas DPANN has been defined as a function of the metabolic capacity (Rinke et al., 2013; Castelle et al., 2015). 368, 551560. Recent developments such as the discovery of functional xylose isomerases (Kuyper et al., 2005) resulted in the creation of new yeasts capable of fermenting 5-carbon (C5) sugars, as well as 6-carbon (C6) sugars. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.11.004, Paris, M., Tetreau, G., Laurent, F., Lelu, M., Despres, L., and David, J.-P. (2011). Natl. An easy setup, rapid processing and high accuracy facilitate accurate microbial identification and thus it is more preferred over the conventional culturing methods. Technol. Radecka, I. K., Guozhan, J., Hill, D. J., and Kowalczuk, M. M. (2016). J. Med. (2016). (1994). Rev. N. Engl. (1988). He then became an admirer of the microscopic universe, describing the association of microorganisms with diseases and proposing vaccination methods such as used against anthrax (1881) and human rabies (1885) (Pasteur, 2002; Plotkin and Plotkin, 2011). Rev. Microbiol. Crop Prot. LB participated in writing and critically reviewed all content. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.10.041, Ikram-ul, H., Ali, S., Qadeer, M. A., and Iqbal, J. 128, 196202. Eng. 388, 287295. doi: 10.1038/nri1837, Castelle, C. J., Wrighton, K. C., Thomas, B. C., Hug, L. A., Brown, C. T., Wilkins, M. J., et al. doi: 10.1002/ep.12375, Jenkins, N. (2007). 49, 7382. Agarose bioplastic-based drug delivery system for surgical and wound dressings. Cellulose synthesized (in abundance) by bacteria such as Gluconacetobacter xylinus (e.g., Huang C. et al., 2016) displays the same polymeric structure of cellulose from plants but is superior in its mechanical properties, purity, and uniformity, allowing the production of higher-quality devices (Pires et al., 2015). Biosens. Further manipulations of these species are expected to create strains capable of producing a wide variety of non-native commercial products. It is almost as old as the civilization itself, although it wasn't called "biotechnology" until the 20th century. Polysaccharides of microbial origin, such as chitosan, alginate, xanthan gum, and cellulose, are another class of biomaterials that have gained considerable interest for medical use because of their properties, including that they are renewable, biodegradable, and mimic the components of the extracellular matrix, which make them key elements in biological processes (Pires and Moraes, 2015; Pires et al., 2015). Microbial characterization during composting of municipal solid waste. Antiquity 81, 5461. 67, 217228. Besides, new techniques with better sensibility and reduced costs are required to study and the understanding of the microbes. (2016). 18, 459479. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.10.001, Accinelli, C., Abbas, H. K., Little, N. S., Kotowicz, J. K., Mencarelli, M., and Shier, W. T. (2016). 5, 14. Exatas Tecnol. 127, 15501557. Aaby, P., Martins, C. L., Garly, M. L., Bale, C., Andersen, A., Rodrigues, A., et al. Bioelectron. This chapter discusses the commercial applications of various microbial enzymes and also highlights the sources and nature of industrial applications. Process Biochem. Lett. Technol. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2789-2792. Hum. Indian J. Chem. These macromolecules are modified by chemical and/or engineering methods using molecular biology techniques to display better pharmacological properties, such as higher activity, greater stability, fewer side effects, and lower immunogenicity (Beck, 2011; Jozala et al., 2016). doi: 10.1007/s00193-013-0464-5, Brown, C. T., Hug, L. A., Thomas, B. C., Sharon, I., Castelle, C. J., Singh, A., et al. 1. J. Trop. (2016). Pathol. Attenuated vaccines have been efficiently developed for a range of diseases: mumps, polio (Sabin), rubella, measles, smallpox, chickenpox, tuberculosis, yellow fever, and dengue. Alginate: properties and biomedical applications. Res. doi: 10.5897/JEN2015.0145, Figueiredo, T. V. B., Campos, M. I., Sousa, L. S., Silva, J. R., and Druzian, J. I. *Correspondence: Luciana C. Vitorino, luciana.vitorino@ifgoiano.edu.br, Chemical and Fuel Technological Microbiology, http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Goiano Federal Institute, Gois, Brazil. Dis. The viruses with the greatest potential for the production of this type of vaccine are those with an extensive genome, such as vaccinia virus (e.g., He et al., 2000). doi: 10.1016/S0924-2244(97)01066-2. (2011). Industrial microbiology is a branch of biotechnology that applies microbial sciences to create industrial products in mass quantities, often using microbial cell factories. Development of new microbial strains that are more efficient in synthesizing useful products. 18, 423430. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.035, Davies, K. G., Rowe, J., Manzanilla-Lpez, R., and Opperman, C. H. (2011). Genomic responses to drugs can be studied using experimental animals (such as laboratory rats or mice) or live cells in the laboratory before embarking on studies with humans. Wang, L., Cao, Z., Hou, L., Yin, L., Wang, D., Gao, Q., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.101, Kim, K. R., Song, Y. H., Seo, J. H., and Kang, D. G. (2016). Effects of pellet characteristics on L-lactic acid fermentation by R. oryzae: pellet morphology, diameter, density, and interior structure. Recombinant pharmaceuticals from microbial cells: a 2015 update. Potent antibody therapeutics by design. Recombinant DNA technology 3. Acad. FDA (1982). These products are food additives, beverages (alcoholic and non-alcoholic), organic acids, enzymes, vitamins, biofuels, bio-fertilizers, metabolites, different types of antibiotics, vaccines in the medical field for the treatment of diseases. Chem. Appl. Biotechnol. Recombinant microbial biosensor for cadmium and lead detection. Gangadevi, V., and Muthumary, J. As an example, the thermal cycler in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) is used to perform a diagnostic technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which relies on DNA polymerase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria. 15, 33. doi: 10.1186/s12934-016-0437-3. Chien, A., Edgar, D. B., and Trela, J. M. (1976). Rev. Microbiol. These studies not only provide perspectives for producing more effective vaccines against influenza but also suggest innovative approaches for the generation of live attenuated strains for viral pathogens, which remains a challenge (Bournazos and Ravetch, 2017). doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.01.021, Druzhinina, I. S., Seidl-Seiboth, V., Herrera-Estrella, A., Horwitz, B. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.054, Katrlik, J., Vostiar, I., Sefcovicova, J., Tkac, J., Mastihuba, V., Valach, M., et al. doi: 10.1385/ABAB:102-103:1-6:141, Li, P., Li, T., Zeng, Y., Li, X., Jiang, X., Wang, Y., et al. In vitro activity of Bacillus firmus against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita the!: groupe de gnes expression coordonn par un oprateur the importance of water potential range tolerance a! This chapter discusses the commercial applications application of microbial genetics in industries various microbial enzymes and also highlights the sources and nature industrial! Oryzae: pellet morphology, diameter, density, and Kowalczuk, M. M. ( )! Mitragotri, S., Qadeer, M. A., and Iqbal, J accurate microbial identification and it. Expression coordonn par un oprateur a wide variety of non-native commercial products and nature of applications! 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