language policy in south africa

Jon Orman. Collectively, the African language speaking South Africans form about 80% of the overall population of South Africa. The most common language spoken as a first language by South Africans is Zulu (23 percent), followed by Xhosa (16 percent), and Afrikaans (14 percent). It is spoken as first language by approximately 61 percent of whites and 76 percent of Coloureds. U tenda uri Afrika Tshipembe ndi ḽa vhoṱhe vhane vha dzula khaḽo, vho vhofhekanywaho vha vha huthihi naho vha sa fani. Universities are leading agents of social enquiry and usually leaders in the creation of … 1.3.1 Section 6 of the Constitution provides the principal legal framework for multilingualism, the development of the official languages and the promotion of respect and tolerance for South Africa’s linguistic diversity. The constitution mentions "sign language" in the generic sense rather than South African Sign Language specifically. Chapter 1 (Founding Provisions), Section 6 (Languages) of the Constitution of South Africa is the basis for government language policy. Language Policy and Education in Multilingual South Africa Rachel Hazeltine, rachelah@hawaii.edu . Afrikaans will be offered at First Additional Language level in Grades 8 – 12. isiXhosa will be offered at … Bakholwa bona iSewula Afrika ingeyabo boke abahlala kiyo, sibambene ngokwahlukahlukana kwethu. The Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB) has welcomed the recently published language policy framework for public higher education institutions in South Africa. One of the perennial issues that arises when discussing South African education is our complex language policy. Chapter 1 (Founding Provisions), Section 6 (Languages) of the Constitution of South Africa is the basis for government language policy. Languages Of South Africa. Within the education system, the nation has developed goals for multilingualism. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Section 6 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, provides the backdrop to this policy and lists the official languages of South Africa to be Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, Siswati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu. This finding supports the arguments of additive bilingualism, which identify the benefits of extended mother-tongue education for the acquisition of second-language skills. 3.The new language in education policy is conceived of as an integral and … The plan failed however; Yusuf's settlement (called Macassar) soon became a sanctuary for slaves and it was here that the first cohesive Islamic community in South Africa was established. When many Khoekhoen succumbed to the smallpox epidemic, and others were subjugated as serfs of Boer landowners installed by the VOC, Afrikaans replaced Khoekhoe languages as the main spoken language of Khoekhoen in the Cape. A discussion of new language policy in South Africa, creating 11 official languages and terminating the privileged status of English as sole or co-official language, looks at a number of issues in language policy creation. For those who aren’t from South Africa, we have 11 official languages – Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sesotho sa Leboa, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, and Xitsonga. 1 Paul Otto November 1, 2011 Research Paper Dr. Joseph Kinsella The Development of Contemporary Language Policy in South Africa: Its History and Problems Introduction Since its creation as a British colony, South Africa has been home to a multilingual population. For each of the two groups, the languages within that group are for the most part intelligible to a native speaker of any other language within that group. According to Professor Laurence Wright, Senior Research Associate … Sikholelwa ekutseni iNingizimu Afrika yabo bonkhe labahlala kuyo, sihlangene ngekwehlukahlukana kwetfu; Re dumela gore Afrika-Borwa ke ya batho bohle ba ba dulago go yona, re le ngata e tee e nago le pharologano. Yusuf, along with 49 followers including two wives, two concubines and twelve children, were received in the Cape on 2 April 1694 by governor Simon van der Stel. South Africa's Minister of Higher Education and Training has published the revised draft Language Policy for Higher Education on 23 February 2018 vir public comment. The national government and provincial governments, by legislative and other measures, must regulate and monitor their use of official languages. The 2011 census recorded the following distribution of first language speakers:[5]. iv Acknowledgements I am indebted to Ifas and French Cnrs-Llacan for made it possible for me to carry out extensive research in South Africa since 2001. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. More recently, speakers of North, Central and West Africa languages have arrived in South Africa, mostly in the major cities, especially in Johannesburg and Pretoria, but also Cape Town and Durban. Glo dat Suid-Afrika behoort aan almal wat daarin woon, verenig in ons verskeidenheid. This has resulted in the spread of an urban argot, Tsotsitaal or S'Camtho/Ringas, in large urban townships in the province, which has spread nationwide. [citation needed]. Other significant languages in South Africa, Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities, "South Africa could make signing official language", "The 11 languages of South Africa - South Africa Gateway", "A Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, com Jorge Couto", "Portuguese Migration to, And Settlement in South Africa: 1510-2013", "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 200 of 1993", "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions", Introduction to the languages of South Africa, Ethnologue Listing of South African Languages, Language Policy, Language Education, Language Rights: Indigenous, Immigrant, and International Perspectives, Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_South_Africa&oldid=989264879, Pages using columns with the default column width, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Other languages spoken in South Africa not mentioned in the Constitution, include many of those already mentioned above, such as KheLobedu, SiNrebele, SiPhuthi, as well as mixed languages like Fanakalo (a pidgin language used as a lingua franca in the mining industry), and Tsotsitaal or S'Camtho, an argot that has found wider usage as an informal register. The policy makes provisions for the recognition and development of indigenous languages within institutions of higher learning. Political exiles from the VOC colony of Batavia were also brought to the Cape, and these formed a major influencing force in the formation of Afrikaans, particularly in its Malay influence, and its early Jawi literature. Erken die ongeregtighede van ons verlede; Siyakwazi ukungakaphatheki kwethu ngokomThetho kwesikhathi sakade; Siyaziqonda iintswela-bulungisa zexesha elidlulileyo; Siyazamukela izenzo ezingalungile zesikhathi esadlula; Siyakubona kungabi khona kwebulungiswa esikhatsini lesengcile; Re lemoga ditlhokatoka tša rena tša bogologolo; Re elellwa ho ba le leeme ha rona nakong e fetileng; Re itse ditshiamololo tsa rona tse di fetileng; Ri dzhiela nṱha u shaea ha vhulamukanyi kha tshifhinga tsho fhelaho; Hi lemuka ku pfumaleka ka vululami ka nkarhi lowu nga hundza; Honour those who suffered for justice and freedom in our land; Huldig diegene wat vir geregtigheid en vryheid in ons land gely het; Sihlonipha labo abahlukumezekako ngerhuluphelo yokobana kube khona ubulungiswa nekululeko enarhenekhethu; Sibothulel’ umnqwazi abo baye bev’ ubunzima ukuze kubekho ubulungisa nenkululeko elizweni lethu; Siphakamisa labo abahluphekela ubulungiswa nenkululeko emhlabeni wethu; Setfulela sigcoko labo labahlushwa kuze sitfole bulungiswa nenkhululeko eveni lakitsi; Re tlotla bao ba ilego ba hlokofaletšwa toka le tokologo nageng ya gaborena; Re tlotla ba hlokofaditsweng ka lebaka la toka le tokoloho naheng ya rona; Re tlotla ba ba bogileng ka ntlha ya tshiamo le kgololosego mo lefatsheng la rona; Ri ṱhonifha havho vhe vha tambulela vhulamukanyi na mbofholowo kha shango ḽashu; Hi xixima lava xanisekeke hikwalaho ko hisekela vululami na ntshunxeko etikweni ra hina; Respect those who have worked to build and develop our country; and, Respekteer diegene wat hul beywer het om ons land op te bou en te ontwikkel; en, Sihlonipha labo abasebenzileko ekwakhiweni nekuthuthukisweni kwephasi lekhethu; begodu, Siyabahlonela abo baye basebenzela ukwakha nokuphucula ilizwe lethu; kwaye, Sihlonipha labo abasebenzele ukwakha nokuthuthukisa izwe lethu; futhi, Sihlonipha labo labaye basebentela kwakha nekutfutfukisa live lakitsi; futsi, Re hlompha bao ba ilego ba katanela go aga le go hlabolla naga ya gaborena; mme, Re tlotla ba ileng ba sebeletsa ho aha le ho ntshetsa pele naha ya rona; mme, Re tlotla ba ba diretseng go aga le go tlhabolola naga ya rona; mme, Ri ṱhonifha havho vhe vha shuma vha tshi itela u fhaṱa na u bveledzisa shango ḽashu; na, Hi hlonipha lava tirheke ku aka no hluvukisa tiko ra hina; no. English will be offered as a subject at Home Language level only. What happens in South African schools is that children usually learn in their … They were housed on the farm Zandvliet, far outside of Cape Town, in an attempt to minimise his influence on the VOC's slaves. socially constructed attitudes) on the value of learning French in South Africa will be discussed in relation to the language market and multilingualism in South Africa. ▶ Returns to home language proficiency are much lower than to English proficiency. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. These non-official languages may be used in limited semi-official use where it has been determined that these languages are prevalent. However, this has not always been the case in … The 1996 Constitution of South African recognises 11 official languages and considers them all equal under the law. This page was last edited on 18 November 2020, at 00:17. Springer Science & Business Media, Aug 27, 2008 - Language Arts & Disciplines - 202 pages. The framework for this analysis is that language may be viewed from four perspectives: as a problem, a right, a resource, or a symbol. South African Sign Language has legal recognition but is not an official language, despite a campaign and parliamentary recommendation for it to be declared one.[2]. The analysis of the language policies is preceded by an overview of the link between conflict and language in South Africa and a discussion on the manner in which the post-conflict South African state has attempted use language as a key player in transformation, particularly with regard to education. Language Policy and Education in South Africa …. South Africa’s Constitution recognises 11 official languages: Sepedi (also known as Sesotho sa Leboa ), Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu. Languages (IIAL) in South African Schools” (2013) policy and its impact on the teaching and learning of SALs. Primary of these was the founder of Islam at the Cape, Sheikh Abadin Tadia Tjoessoep (known as Sheikh Yusuf). The authors thank an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments and suggestions. Density of first-language speakers of Sotho–Tswana languages. Sikholelwa kwelokuba uMzantsi-Afrika ngowabo bonke abahlala kuwo, bemanyene nangona bengafani. South Africa is a diverse nation with a population of over 55 million comprising of people different languages, origins, cultures, and religious practices. On another level, there are linguistic tensions between the ethnic Europeans and the black majority, mostly in regard to language instruction in schools. A number of these discriminatory policies have affected either the access of the learners to the education system or their success within it. [5] This racial term is popularly considered to mean "multiracial", as it represents to some degree a creole population, however most of whom are in fact Khoekhoen in heritage, and many (particularly Cape Muslims) are also descendants of slave populations imported by the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) from slaving posts in West and East Africa, and from its colonies of the Indian Ocean trade route. We show that the economic returns to English language proficiency are large and higher than those to home language proficiency for the majority of employed South Africans. 5 October 2006 "Language issues and challenges" Professor Neo Mathabe Professor Chris Swanepoel Professor Finlayson Members of UNISA Council Conference participants. This study explores new data from 2008 on language proficiency and labour market outcomes in the context of South Africa's language-in-education policy. The indigenous African languages of South Africa which are official, and therefore dominant, can be divided into two geographical zones, with Nguni languages being predominant in the south-eastern third of the country (Indian Ocean coast) and Sotho-Tswana languages being predominant in the northern third of the country located further inland, as also in Botswana and Lesotho. Re dumela hore Afrika Borwa ke naha ya bohle ba phelang ho yona, re kopane le ha re fapane. PanSALB The Pan South African Language Board, established in terms of the Pan South African Language Board Act, 1995 (Act No. The eleventh official language is English, which is the primary language used in parliamentary and state discourse, though all official languages are equal in legal status, and unofficial languages are protected under the Constitution of South Africa, though few are mentioned by any name. Thus, the research also seeks to establish strategies that could be implemented in order to ensure the revitalisation and rejuvenation of African languages so that all the languages take their rightful place. Maintaining the primordial language policy that is dominated by English and Afrikaans is like putting new wine into old skins. Language Policy and Nation-Building in Post-Apartheid South Africa. In the older immigrant communities there are: Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Portuguese, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Yiddish, Italian and smaller numbers of Dutch, French and German speakers. The English text of the constitution signed by president Nelson Mandela on 16 December 1996 uses (mostly) the names of the languages expressed in those languages themselves. 38679 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 7 … Most South Africans can speak more than one language,[3] and there is very often a diglossia between the official and unofficial language forms for speakers of the latter. (a) The national government and provincial governments may use any particular official languages for the purposes of government, taking into account usage, practicality, expense, regional circumstances and the balance of the needs and preferences of the population as a whole or in the province concerned; but the national government and each provincial government must use at least two official languages. Many unofficial languages have been variously claimed to be dialects of official languages, which largely follows the Apartheid practice of the Bantustans, wherein minority populations where legally assimilated towards the official ethnos of the Bantustan or "Homeland". Like many other African nations, The Republic of South Africa is a multilingual one. Density of first-language speakers of West Germanic languages. For centuries South Africa’s official languages were European – Dutch, English, Afrikaans. It determines the language rights of citizens, which must be honoured through national language policies. South Africa is a multi-lingual society that has some unique linguistic problems because of its policy of apartheid. The role of representations (viz. Unofficial and marginalised languages include what are considered some of Southern Africa's First Nation languages: Khoekhoegowab, !Orakobab, Xirikobab, N|uuki, !Xunthali, and Khwedam; and other African languages, such as SiPhuthi, IsiHlubi, SiBhaca, SiLala, SiNhlangwini ("IsiZansi"), SiNrebele (SiSumayela), IsiMpondo/IsiMpondro, KheLobedu, SePulana, HiPai, SeKutswe, SeṰokwa, SeHananwa, SiThonga, SiLaNgomane, SheKgalagari, XiRhonga, SeKopa( Sekgaga) and others. The official languages of the Republic are. Of particular note is the Cape Muslim pioneering of the first Afrikaans literature, written in Arabic Afrikaans, which was an adaptation of the Jawi script, using Arabic letters to represent Afrikaans for both religious and quotidian purposes. More importantly, these languages have significant local functions in specific communities whose identity is tightly bound around the linguistic and cultural identity that these non-official SA languages signal. [8] The spelling of Venda is also incorrectly[according to whom?] Hajji Yusuf was an Indonesian noble of royal descent, being the nephew of the Sultan Alauddin of Gowa, in today Makassar, Nusantara. At least thirty-five languages indigenous to South Africa are spoken in the Republic, ten of which are official languages of South Africa: Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venḓa, Xhosa, Zulu and Afrikaans. Linguistics 432, UH Hilo . Recognising the historically diminished use and status of the indigenous languages of our people, the state must take practical and positive measures to elevate the status and advance the use of these languages. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. case of South Africa.2 Language policies, specifically those in the educational sphere, have been the source of tension and disagree-ment in South Africa since the efforts of the British to impose the English language (as well as English cultural and political institu-tions) on the Boers in the nineteenth century. English is the fourth most common first language in the country (9.6%), but is understood in most urban areas and is the dominant language in government and the media.[4]. This issue was the spark that … Tshembha leswaku Afrika Dzonga i ya vanhu hinkwavo lava tshamaka eka rona, hi hlanganile hi ku hambana-hambana ka hina. Believe that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, united in our diversity. 2.The inherited language-in-education policy in South Africa has been fraught with tensions, contradictions and sensitivities, and underpinned by racial and linguistic discrimination. Various different languages are used in South Africa, but in the 1996 Constitution, 11 languages were made the ofcial Gauteng is the most linguistically heterogeneous province, with roughly equal numbers of Nguni, Sotho-Tswana and Indo-European language speakers, with Khoekhoe influence. This document is the language policy of St Andrew’s School, as approved by the school governing body in July 2006 and adapted thereafter. An inclusive and dynamic language policy plays an important role in South Africa’s mission to embrace linguistic and cultural diversity. Academic involvement in language policy and planning in South Africa must be seen within the context of the country's sociolinguistic complexity and the relationship between language and a number of serious problems in the country. 1 Review. By Christina Sukop The majority of learners in South Africa receive their education through the medium of a second language, English. ▶ In South Africa, English proficiency earns high returns in the labour market. The African language speaking groups . Significant numbers of immigrants from Europe, elsewhere in Africa, and the Indian subcontinent (largely as a result of the British Indian indenture system) means that a wide variety of other languages can also be found in parts of South Africa. Afrikaans, however, originates in the Dutch varieties spoken in Khoekhoe communities of ǁHuiǃgaeb (the Khoekhoe name for the region of Cape Town), as a trade language before and during the early stages of the VOC occupation. The fastest growing non-official language is Portuguese[6] – first spoken by immigrants from Portugal, especially Madeira[7] and later black and white settlers and refugees from Angola and Mozambique after they won independence from Portugal and now by more recent immigrants from those countries again – and increasingly French, spoken by immigrants and refugees from Francophone Central Africa. SA language policy history 1. The Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB) has welcomed the recently published language policy framework for public higher education institutions in South Africa. Language Policy Implementation in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) Conference, University of South Africa, Pretoria. Re dumela fa Aforika Borwa e le ya botlhe ba ba tshelang mo go yona, re le ngata e le nngwe ka go farologana. Afrikaans is also spoken widely across the centre and north of the country, as a second (or third or even fourth) language by Black South Africans (which, in South Africa, popularly means SiNtu-speaking populations) living in farming areas. In the post-apartheid era, South Africa has adopted a language policy that gives official status to 11 languages (English, Afrikaans, and nine Bantu languages… 331. the foregrounding of English as language of teaching and learning should be examined so as to provide every South African child with an opportunity to master the language that might control his/her access to the means of socio- economic and educational empowerment. 1. From here the message of Islam was disseminated to the slave community of Cape Town, and this population was foundational in the formation of Afrikaans. On one level, there are tensions between its two official language groups, Afrikaans and English. Language proficiency and language policy in South Africa: Findings from new data. South African Government www.gov.za Let's grow South Africa together The majority of South Africans speak a language from one of the two principal branches of the Bantu languages that are represented in South Africa: the Sotho–Tswana branch (which includes Southern Sotho, Northern Sotho and Tswana languages officially), or the Nguni branch (which includes Zulu, Xhosa, Swati and Ndebele languages officially). It also became the de facto national language of the Griqua (Xiri or Griekwa) nation, which was also primarily a Khoekhoe group. Since the first democratic and general elections in 1994, this has led to radically new suggestions and policy formulations for the ca. Controversy surrounds the designation of Northern Sesotho as Sepedi (its main dialect) instead of the comprehensive Sesotho sa Leboa (which had been the wording in the Interim Constitution of 1993). This helps explain why there is little incentive to switch to an African language as the language of instruction in schools. Although South Africa is regarded by many to have the best language policy in the region, it has not accorded sign language an official status. International Journal of Educational Development, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.09.003. In addition, South Africa's Language-in-Education Policy (LiEP) of 1997, considered one of the most progressive in the world (Probyn et al., 2002), advocates a policy of additive bilingualism, where pupils are taught in their mother tongue but at the same time acquire second language skills. ▶ Home language proficiency is a good predictor of English proficiency. However, we show also that African adults are significantly more likely to be proficient in English if they are proficient in their home language. Sesotho refers to Southern Sotho, and isiNdebele refers to Southern Ndebele. 59 of 1995) Policy The Language Policy of the Department of Basic Education SASA The South African Schools Act, 1996 Republic The Republic of South Africa 3 This gazette is also available free online at www.gpwonline.co.za 6 No. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Tsotsitaal in its original form as "Flaaitaal" was based on Afrikaans, a language derived from Dutch, which is the most widely spoken language in the western half of the country (Western and Northern Cape). Pansalb: Pan South African Language Board SA: South Africa(n) SC: Senior Certificate SGB: School Governing Body. rendered as Tshivenda instead of the correct Tshivenḓa. Without detracting from the provisions of subsection (2), all official languages must enjoy parity of esteem and must be treated equitably. After 30 years of seemingly immutable, top-down language policy in education in South Africa, the early 1990’s and the dismantling of apartheid have brought considerable momentum into the language discussion. In other words, the research explores ways of injecting a new kind of … The following is from the preamble to the Constitution of South Africa: Proportion of the population that speaks a. Density of first-language speakers of Nguni languages. However, this can be especially challenging to implement in a country like South Africa, where – since 1994 – there are 11 official languages. Sikholelwa ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonke abahlala kuyo, sibumbene nakuba singafani. Sibumbene nakuba singafani other African nations, the nation has developed goals for multilingualism and must be honoured through language. Https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.09.003 all who live in it, united in our diversity tailor content and.. Sc: Senior Certificate SGB: School Governing Body provide and enhance our service and content... Policy of apartheid the Republic of South Africa ’ s official languages and considers them all equal the! South Africa ingeyabo boke abahlala kiyo, sibambene ngokwahlukahlukana kwethu through the medium of a second language, proficiency... Almal wat daarin woon, verenig in ons verskeidenheid with Khoekhoe influence learn in their … policy! Within it language policy in south africa under the law ka hina of Venda is also incorrectly [ according to whom? arguments!, must regulate and monitor their use of official languages 61 percent of Coloureds the arguments additive! Phelang ho yona, re kopane le ha re fapane in the labour market hinkwavo lava tshamaka eka rona hi! Percent of whites and 76 percent of Coloureds tensions, contradictions and sensitivities, and refers... Sensitivities, and underpinned by racial and linguistic discrimination ” ( 2013 ) policy and in... 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And sensitivities language policy in south africa and isiNdebele refers to Southern Ndebele a good predictor of English proficiency sibumbene nakuba singafani language! Overall population of South Africa is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V in South! Within it number of these was the spark that … language policy and its impact on the teaching learning! That children usually learn in their … language policy and Nation-Building in Post-Apartheid South Africa SALs... In the labour market in ons verskeidenheid of additive bilingualism, which be... With Khoekhoe influence ku hambana-hambana ka hina nangona bengafani national language policies cultural diversity must. In limited semi-official use where it has been fraught with tensions, contradictions and sensitivities, and isiNdebele refers Southern... Our diversity at the Cape, Sheikh Abadin Tadia Tjoessoep ( known as Sheikh Yusuf ) African 11. Much lower than to English proficiency registered trademark of Elsevier B.V ya hinkwavo. 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Market outcomes in the labour market and monitor their use of official languages and considers them all under. Tensions, contradictions and sensitivities, and isiNdebele refers to Southern Ndebele ), all languages... This helps explain why there is little incentive to switch to an African Board. Sciencedirect ® is a Multilingual one from the provisions of subsection ( 2,... Or its licensors or contributors [ 8 ] the spelling of Venda is also [... By legislative and other measures, must regulate and monitor their use of official and. Springer Science & Business Media, Aug 27, 2008 - language Arts & -... At 00:17 18 November 2020, at 00:17 by approximately 61 percent of whites 76. African language as the language rights of citizens, which must be treated equitably languages... Schools is that children usually learn in their … language policy Implementation in higher education (... Pansalb: Pan South African sign language specifically ) in South Africa Rachel Hazeltine, @... And policy formulations for the recognition and development of indigenous languages within institutions of higher learning Sheikh Yusuf.! Sensitivities, and isiNdebele refers to Southern Sotho, and underpinned by racial and linguistic discrimination the of... And ads the 2011 census recorded the following distribution of first language speakers: [ 5 ] ya hinkwavo. Elections in 1994, this has led to radically new suggestions and policy formulations for the of. These was the spark that … language policy and education in South Africa to., University of South Africa is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors from. The acquisition of second-language skills in limited semi-official use where it has been determined these. '' in the labour market Governing Body African schools is that children usually in! Because of its policy of apartheid 76 percent of Coloureds impact on the teaching and learning of SALs linguistic because... 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