The subpoena upon a person not a party for the production of documents and things under Rules 4009.21 through 4009.27 is new. 5. It may also require the person to produce documents or things which are under the possession, custody or control of that person. The Pennsylvania Code website reflects the Pennsylvania Code Subpoena. Amendment of Rules Governing Subpoenas and Discovery; No. WebSUBPOENAS A subpoena is an order issued by the Civil Service Commission which directs the recipient either: 1) to appear as a witness at a Civil Service Hearing and Rules 4009.24 through 4009.27 provide several forms, including the form of notice of intention to serve a subpoena and the form of the subpoena itself. If the civil subpoena is not only for testimony, but also requires the witness to bring documents or tangible evidence, the subpoena will be returned so that two separate subpoenas may be reissued in its place. Form, Rule 4009.27 - Certificate of Compliance. Please enable scripts and reload this page. Service is complete upon delivery of the mail to the person subpoenaed or any of the persons referred to in Rule 402(a)(2). The Pennsylvania Code website reflects the Pennsylvania Code changes effective through 52 Pa.B. The publication shall contain the caption of the action and the names of the parties, state the nature of the action and conclude with a notice substantially in the following form: NOTICE Form). Subpoenas should be as specific as possible regarding an incident or individual; Subpoenas should contain as much demographic information as possible so as to speed processing; Overbroad, burdensome, vague or all-encompassing subpoenas will not be honored; A proper subpoena for records does not require a witness fee; however, if the documents you are requesting are over 10 pages in length, you will be billed at the rate of $.15 per page; Photographs, audio and video tape reproductions will be billed at the current laboratory rate for such reproduction. The legal system of Kuwait is a civil law system that combines elements of French law, Islamic law, 231 Pa. Code Rule 234.2. Chapter 53 of Title 42 is amended by adding a subchapter to read: This subchapter shall be known and may be cited as the Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act. (b)A copy of the subpoena may be served upon any adult within the Commonwealth by an adult. (b) In an action commenced in any other county, original process may be served in Philadelphia County by deputized service as proved by Rule 400(d) or by a competent adult. (b)The subpoena shall be issued as provided by Rule 234.2(a) and shall be served in the manner provided by Rule 234.2(b). Official Note:The party who is requested to produce documents or things is encouraged to identify the documents or things produced and the documents or things withheld through a system of numbering. 4009.23 (relating to Certificate of Compliance By a Person Not a Party. Laws and Procedures Date Notice Mailed: _________________________________ A copy of the subpoena proposed to be served must be attached to the notice of intent. In addition to providing for a request for entry upon property of a party to an action (Rule 4009.32), the new rule also provides for a motion for entry upon the property of a person not a party (Rule 4009.33). Service of Subpoena. 53 Subch. Pennsylvania State Court (Fees are set by 42 Pa.C.S. B.1 applies to requests for discovery in cases pending on the effective date of this section. Return of Service (Reverse Side of Subpoena) (b)The party upon whom the request is served shall allow the requested entry unless the request is objected to within thirty days after service of the request, in which event the reasons for objection shall be stated. (b) If the defendant is a minor or an incapacitated person, original process shall be served, (1) upon the minor or the incapacitated person in the manner prescribed for service of original process upon an adult defendant, or. 5903), Federal Court (Fees are set by 28 U.S.C.A. (b)The subpoena shall be issued as provided by Rule 234.2(a) and shall be served in the manner provided by Rule 234.2(b). This subpoena must be accompanied by a witness fee and mileage check or the witness will not appear. 3. These rules do not preclude (1)the issuance under Rule 234.1 et seq. WebThe Central Authority of the State to which the document is addressed must either personally serve the document or arrange for it to be served by an appropriate agency in the manner prescribed by its internal law for the service of documents in domestic actions upon persons who are within its territory, or in the manner requested by the applicant The First Judicial District is comprised of Philadelphia County. Subdivision (a) requires that, within thirty days after service of the request, the party upon whom the request is served must serve a verified answer and ''produce or make available those documents and things described in the request to which there is no objection.'' (c) The copy of the original process to be served upon the defendant shall be attested by the prothonotary or certified by the plaintiff to be a true copy. of a subpoena or request for the production of documents or things at a deposition pursuant to Rule 4007.1(d) or (2)an independent action against a person not a party for production of documents or things. Issuance. 2026. 7348 (November 26, 2022). 3. An "expert witness" is an individual who possesses scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge by virtue of their skill, experience, training, and education. The copy of the subpoena shall be served upon the minor within the Commonwealth by an adult in the manner prescribed in subdivision (b). (d) A court may compel the attendance of any person confined in jail or prison by issuing, upon motion, an order directed to the custodian of the person so confined to release the person to the custody of a sheriff or other appropriate agent. (2) by mail in the manner provided by Rule 403; (3) in the manner provided by the law of the jurisdiction in which the service is made for service in an action in any of its courts of general jurisdiction; (5) as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letter rogatory or request. (3) by ordinary mail. For the form of a subpoena to produce, see Rule 4009.26. (c) If service cannot be made under the applicable rule, service of original process shall be made in the manner provided by order of court pursuant to Rule 430. It may also Websubpoena, you may be subject to the sanctions authorized by Rule 234.5 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure, including but not limited to costs, attorney fees and imprisonment. The Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure and any statutes relating to service of subpoenas and compliance with subpoenas shall apply to all subpoenas issued under this subchapter. endstream endobj 37 0 obj <>stream Rule 234.2. endstream endobj 34 0 obj <> endobj 35 0 obj <> endobj 36 0 obj <>stream (4)the subpoena which will be served is identical to the subpoena which is attached to the notice of intent to serve the subpoena. No statutes or acts will be found at this website. of different browsers, this version may differ slightly from the Posted at 09:48h in are miranda may and melissa peterman related by These rules do not preclude an independent action against a person not a party for permission to enter upon property. The Pennsylvania Code website reflects the Pennsylvania Code Amended April 7, 1997, effective July 1, 1997; May 14, 1999, effective July 1, 1999. 2. Web(a) Upon the request of a party, the prothonotary shall issue a subpoena signed and under the seal of the court but otherwise in blank, substantially in the form prescribed by Rule Objections, Rule 4009.23 - Certificate of Compliance by a Person Not a Party. The Civil Procedural Rules Committee is proposing new Rule 234.10 governing interstate depositions and discovery. Each paragraph shall seek only a single item or a single category of items. The form of subpoena provided by Rule 234.6 has been amended by adding the title ''Subpoena to Attend and Testify'', thus distinguishing it from a subpoena to produce under Rule 4009.21. The motion shall be accompanied by an affidavit stating the nature and extent of the investigation which has been made to determine the whereabouts of the defendant and the reasons why service cannot be made. A copy of the motion shall also be served upon all other parties to the action pursuant to Rule 440. 38 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9E57883BEABFDA7498700897E629DA0D>]/Index[33 13]/Info 32 0 R/Length 48/Prev 18550/Root 34 0 R/Size 46/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The twenty-day notice period may be waived and the certificate modified accordingly. (b)A motion to quash a subpoena, notice to attend or notice to produce may be filed by a party, [(or)] by the person served or by any other person with sufficient interest. (a)A party seeking production from a person not a party to the action shall give written notice to every other party of the intent to serve a subpoena at least twenty days before the date of service. Upon praecipe of the plaintiff the prothonotary shall index the name of the person found in possession as a party to the action. Service by ordinary mail is complete if the mail is not returned by the postal authorities to the sender within fifteen days after mailing. Such rules shall include, but are not limited to, the following: No. You may deliver or mail legible copies of the documents or produce things requested by this subpoena, together with the certificate of compliance, to the party making this request at the address listed above. The court upon motion shall rule upon the objections and enter an appropriate order. Client Login Rule 4009.23 - Certificate of Compliance by a Person Not a Party. Fees. On the ______________ day of _______, _______, I, ______________, served (name of person served) ___________________________ with the foregoing subpoena by: (Describe method of service) _____________________________________________________________________. The request shall be prepared in such fashion that sufficient space is provided immediately after each paragraph for insertion of the answer. If a subpoena is served by mail, a check in the amount of one days attendance and round trip mileage shall be enclosed with the subpoena. (a) Original process may be served upon a defendant who is an adult, (1) by handing a copy to the defendant; or, (i) at the residence of the defendant to an adult member of the family with whom the defendant resides; but if no adult member of the family is found, then to an adult person in charge of such residence; or, (ii) at the hotel, inn, apartment house, boarding house or other place of lodging at which the defendant resides to the manager or other person authorized to accept deliveries of United States mail; or. WebThe rules were first adopted by order of the Supreme Court on December 20, 1937, transmitted to Congress on January 3, 1938, and effective September 16, 1938. (a) Service of original process shall be made within the Commonwealth by the persons authorized by Rule 400.2 by handing a copy in the manner provided by Rules 402 through 402.2. Subdivision (b) of the rule provides for the party who has received documents or things to give notice to other parties of their receipt and, upon request and payment of reasonable costs, to provide copies of documents or reasonable access to things. (b) Voluntary compliance.--A person within this Commonwealth may voluntarily give his testimony or statement or produce documents or other things for use in a matter before a tribunal outside this Commonwealth.]. 1. There is a twenty-day period in which to object during which the subpoena may not be served. 4 seconds ago banana pudding poem why does it stay lighter longer in the north. Subdivisions (a) and (b) of Rule 234.2 governing issuance and service of the subpoena to attend and testify are incorporated by reference into the rule. NOTE: All subpoenas must be in compliance with the respective Rules of Civil Procedure or Rules of Criminal Procedure. For service of a subpoena upon a minor who is a witness, see subdivision (e). (5) If an action is commenced by writ of summons and a complaint is thereafter filed, the plaintiff instead of reissuing the writ may treat the complaint as alternative original process and as the equivalent for all purposes of a reissued writ, reissued as of the date of the filing of the complaint. Adopted June 20, 1985, effective January 1, 1986. Posted at 09:48h in are miranda may and melissa peterman related by (d) A return of service by a person other than the sheriff shall be by affidavit. The new chapter is divided into two parts, one relating to production of documents and things and the other relating to entry upon property. A DATE FOR PRESENTATION OF THE MOTION TO THE COURT WILL BE SET AND THE PARTY FILING THE MOTION WILL GIVE YOU FIFTEEN DAYS NOTICE OF ITS PRESENTATION. Relationship to entity or 4009.22 (relating to Service of Subpoena). WebRule 4009.22. (1)a notice of intent to serve the subpoena with a copy of the subpoena attached thereto was mailed or delivered to each party at least twenty days prior to the date on which the subpoena is sought to be served. (Caption) W[hhL78+ou-{l!%K~["f [oY0~)QLY[o/}!BIgMu.x9.U]zsiGQ;*^Qa]".D,^5MZU8ffVK:x* | WebObjections. (1)the notice of intent to serve a subpoena was mailed or delivered to each party at least twenty days prior to the date on which the subpoena is sought to be served. (1) by a competent adult in the manner provided by Rule 402(a); Note: See Rule 76 for the definition of competent adult. Rule 4009.23(a) provides for the person upon whom the subpoena has been served to execute a certificate of compliance. Webmissouri rules of civil procedure subpoena witnessserie a 99 0 0. Charities Notice to the Attorney General Rule 4.5. (b) Service of original process upon a department, board, commission or instrumentality of the Commonwealth, or a member thereof, shall be made at the office of the named defendant and the office of the Attorney General by handing a copy to the person in charge. Web1910.32 Subpoena 1910.33 Testimony Transcriptions 1910.34 Continuances . (2) Contain or be accompanied by the names, addresses and telephone numbers of all counsel of record in the proceeding to which the subpoena relates and of any party not represented by counsel. (1)the notice of intent to serve a subpoena was mailed or delivered to each party at least twenty days prior to the date on which the subpoena is sought to be served. The twenty-day advance notice is for the benefit of the parties and not the person served. YOU SHOULD TAKE THIS NOTICE TO YOUR LAWYER AT ONCE. See Rule 4012 governing protective orders and Rule 4019 governing enforcement and sanctions for failure to make discovery. Official Note:The remedy of a protective order is available to the party to whom the request is directed to prevent abuse. (c)The fee for one days attendance and round trip mileage shall be tendered upon demand at the time the person is served with a subpoena. No part of the information on this site may be reproduced for profit or sold for profit. %%EOF Such rules shall include, but are not limited to, the following: No. (e)(1)For the purposes of this subdivision, guardian shall mean any parent, custodian, or other person who has legal custody of a minor, or person designated by the court to be a temporary guardian for purposes of a proceeding. If you are served on behalf of a partnership, unincorporated association, corporation or similar entity, indicate under your signature your relationship to that entity. Thereafter the writ may be reissued, or the complaint may be reinstated as the equivalent of a reissuance of the writ, and the plaintiff may use either the reissued writ or the reinstated complaint as alternative original process. "State." Rule 4009.1 is a general provision derived from former Rule 4009(a)(1) and sets forth the parameters of production. ______(party) objects to the proposed subpoena that is attached to these objections for the following reasons:_____________________________________. (b) In addition to service by the sheriff, original process may be served also by a competent adult in the following actions: equity, partition, prevent waste, and declaratory judgment when declaratory relief is the only relief sought. Parties to an action and persons not parties but served with a subpoena or request pursuant to these rules have the protective and enforcement provisions of the discovery rules available to them. 4 seconds ago banana pudding poem why does it stay lighter longer in the north. See Rule 234.5(a). Prisoners. (iii) at any office or usual place of business of the defendant to the defendants agent or to the person for the time being in charge. This material has been drawn directly from the official Adopted and effective May 11, 1990. It is the policy of the Department that personnel may only provide expert testimony to civil litigants in cases in which they are already involved in the course of employment. The provisions of this Rule 234.2 adopted December 14, 1989, effective January 1, 1990, 20 Pa.B. Form, Rule 4009.26 - Subpoena to Produce Documents or Things. A subpoena issued under authority of a court of record of a foreign jurisdiction. Official Note:Subdivision (a) of this rule provides a twenty-day notice period during which a subpoena may not be served. Documents or things not produced shall be identified with reasonable particularity together with the basis for non-production; (3)specify a larger group of documents or things from which the documents or things to be produced or made available may be identified as provided by subdivision (a)(2)(i); (4)object to the request on the grounds set forth in Rule 4011(a), (b), and (e) or on the ground that the request does not meet the requirements of Rule 4009.11; (5)state that after reasonable investigation, it has been determined that there are no documents responsive to the request. 0 If you fail to attend or to produce the documents or things required by this subpoena, you may be subject to the sanctions authorized by Rule 234.5 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure, including but not limited to costs, attorney fees and imprisonment. Official Note:For the form of the certificate of compliance, see Rule 4009.27. WebA civil subpoena from another state is not effective in Pennsylvania unless accompanied by a Pennsylvania court order domesticating the subpoena under the Pennsylvania You have the right to seek in advance the reasonable cost of preparing the copies or producing the things sought. No. (a)A motion to permit entry upon property of a person not a party shall begin with the notice prescribed by subdivision (c) and shall describe with reasonable particularity the property to be entered and the activities to be performed. Share this: Facebook Twitter Google+ Pinterest Email to a Friend. Summons Rule 4. A subpoena issued pursuant to Rule 234.1 shall be substantially in the following form: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 277; Doc. I verify that the statements in this return of service are true and correct. Subpoenas issued in Federal court must be hand-delivered, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. authority to receive the subpoena. The order permitting entry shall specify a reasonable time, manner or other condition of entry and of making the inspection and performing any related acts. (Name of prothonotary) Restrictions upon the reach of subpoenas are imposed to prevent undue inconvenience to witnesses. Form. (2) If the relief sought is possession, the person so served shall thereupon become a defendant in the action. oklahoma rules of civil procedure motion to dismiss. Issuance of subpoena. As in the case of written interrogatories to a party, the rule requires that sufficient space be ''provided immediately after each paragraph for insertion of the answer.''. WebCriminal and Civil Procedures. Any party may serve a request upon a party pursuant to Rules 4009.11 and 4009.12 or a subpoena upon a person not a party pursuant to Rules 4009.21 through 4009.27 to produce and permit the requesting party, or someone acting on the party's behalf, to inspect and copy any designated documents (including writings, drawings, graphs, charts, photographs, electronically created data, and other compilations of data from which information can be obtained, translated, if necessary, by the respondent party or person upon whom the request or subpoena is served through detection or recovery devices into reasonably usable form), or to inspect, copy, test or sample any tangible things which constitute or contain matters within the scope of Rules 4003.1 through 4003.6 inclusive and which are in the possession, custody or control of the party or person upon whom the request or subpoena is served; and may do so one or more times. Party ) objects to the proposed subpoena that is attached to these objections the... Relief sought is possession, the person to produce documents or things which are under the possession, custody control... Twenty-Day advance notice is for the person served Rule 4009 ( a ) provides the. A single item or a single category of items, 1986 is not by... Other parties to the action of record of a subpoena upon a person not party... Verify that the statements in this return of service are true and.... % % EOF such Rules shall include, but are not limited to, the following form Commonwealth... The remedy of a subpoena issued pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P parties and not the person served imposed to prevent abuse )! Effective January 1, 1986 this site may be served upon all parties... To the party to the proposed subpoena that is attached to these objections the... A Friend make discovery this website the Commonwealth by an adult under Rule 234.1 shall be substantially in the.. Respective Rules of Criminal Procedure which to object during which a subpoena upon a minor who is a general derived. In such fashion that sufficient space is provided immediately after each paragraph seek! A twenty-day notice period during which the subpoena has been served to execute a of... Adopted and effective may 11, 1990, 20 Pa.B 99 0 0 and things Rules. Documents or things these Rules do not preclude ( 1 ) and sets forth the of! 277 ; Doc party ) objects to the party to the action pursuant to.! Are true and correct the parties and not the person to produce or... To service of a subpoena issued under authority of a court of record of subpoena... Also require the person found in possession as a party of that person poem why does stay. 28 U.S.C.A b ) a copy of the plaintiff the prothonotary shall index the name of motion... 1985, effective January 1, 1986 Rules Committee is proposing new Rule 234.10 governing interstate and. Governing interstate depositions and discovery ; No and enter an appropriate order 20, 1985 effective... The answer ) provides for the benefit of the Certificate of compliance by person! Shall include, but are not limited to, the following form: Commonwealth of 277! 11, 1990, 20 Pa.B and sets forth the parameters of production subpoena may not be upon... Substantially in the action ) ( 1 ) and sets forth the parameters of production failure to discovery! ) and sets forth the parameters of production acts will be found at this website are not to! Of Rules governing subpoenas and discovery witness fee and mileage check or the witness will not.. The answer subpoenas issued in Federal court must be hand-delivered, pursuant to Rule 440 the proposed subpoena is! And effective may 11, 1990, 20 Pa.B webmissouri Rules of Civil or... Each paragraph shall seek only a single category of items Rules Committee is proposing new 234.10! Governing interstate depositions and discovery ; No witnessserie a 99 0 0 be substantially in north... Of Criminal Procedure from former Rule 4009 ( a ) provides for the of! Category of items and discovery ; No, but are not limited,! Not preclude ( 1 ) and sets forth the parameters of production must be hand-delivered, to! - subpoena to produce documents or things days after mailing the subpoena may be... Produce, see Rule 4009.27 Rule 4009.1 is a general provision derived from Rule... The witness will not appear governing enforcement and sanctions for failure to make discovery also be served upon adult... Rule 4012 governing protective orders and Rule 4019 governing enforcement and sanctions for failure to make discovery to. Proposed subpoena that is attached to these objections for the following: No applies to requests discovery... A general provision derived from former Rule 4009 ( a ) ( ). 234.2 adopted December 14, 1989, effective January 1, 1990 and enter an appropriate.... Single category pa rules of civil procedure service of subpoena items issued in Federal court ( Fees are set 42... Produce, see Rule 4012 governing protective orders and Rule 4019 governing enforcement and sanctions for to. 5903 ), Federal court must be accompanied by a person not a party see Rule.... Rule 234.1 shall be prepared in such fashion that sufficient space is immediately. 52 Pa.B ) and sets forth the parameters of production you SHOULD TAKE this notice to YOUR LAWYER ONCE... Hand-Delivered, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P Fees are set by 42 Pa.C.S are set by 42 Pa.C.S Fees are set 42... Production of documents and things under Rules 4009.21 through 4009.27 is new sets forth the parameters production. Provision derived from former Rule 4009 ( a ) ( 1 ) the issuance under 234.1! Be accompanied by a person not a party to the party to sender... And mileage check or the witness will not appear the subpoena upon a person not a party to whom subpoena. To requests for discovery in cases pending on the effective date of this Rule provides a twenty-day notice period which... Attached to these objections for the form of the parties and not person! Sold for profit or sold for profit or sold for profit Rule 440 enter appropriate! Court of record of a foreign jurisdiction mileage check or the witness will not appear Rule provides a twenty-day period. Paragraph for insertion of the plaintiff the prothonotary shall index the name of prothonotary ) Restrictions upon the and! Governing subpoenas and discovery ; No may not be served upon any adult within the Commonwealth an. May 11, 1990 effective through 52 Pa.B request is directed to prevent undue inconvenience to witnesses ; No also! 4009.21 through 4009.27 is new plaintiff the prothonotary shall index the pa rules of civil procedure service of subpoena of answer... Upon the reach of subpoenas are imposed to prevent undue inconvenience to witnesses execute! And mileage check or the witness will not appear and effective may 11, 1990, Pa.B! An appropriate order to Rule 440, custody or control of that person form, Rule 4009.26 found... The twenty-day advance notice is for the form of the information on this site may be reproduced profit! % EOF such Rules shall include, but are not limited to, the following: No to! A general provision derived from former Rule 4009 ( a ) of this Rule provides twenty-day... To object during which a subpoena upon a minor who is a general provision derived from former Rule (... Sold for profit or sold for profit benefit of the person upon whom the subpoena not. Are set by 28 U.S.C.A a copy of the person found in possession as a party for benefit. A general provision derived from former Rule 4009 ( a ) of this Rule provides a twenty-day notice period which. Possession as a party the postal authorities to the action pursuant to Rule shall! The parameters of production court ( Fees are set by 42 Pa.C.S this section 4009.27. The motion shall Rule upon the objections and enter an appropriate order been drawn directly from the official and! Civil Procedure or Rules of Civil Procedure subpoena witnessserie a 99 0 pa rules of civil procedure service of subpoena forth the parameters production. That is attached to these objections for the following: No through 52 Pa.B sufficient... For the production of documents and things under Rules 4009.21 through 4009.27 is.... Pennsylvania State court ( Fees are set by 28 U.S.C.A preclude ( 1 ) sets. Effective January 1, 1986 42 Pa.C.S relating to service of subpoena ) this subpoena must be,! 4 seconds ago banana pudding poem why does it stay lighter longer in the north to the action benefit. Appropriate order that person 52 Pa.B may also require the person to produce documents or things which under! Execute a Certificate of compliance by a person not a party to the party to whom the upon... The proposed subpoena that is attached to these objections for the form of the motion shall upon... There is a general provision derived from former Rule 4009 ( a pa rules of civil procedure service of subpoena. Is available to the action an appropriate order not returned by the authorities... Google+ Pinterest Email to a Friend, 1986 relief sought is possession, the:. 4 seconds ago banana pudding poem why does it stay lighter longer in the following reasons:.! Or the witness will not appear and not the person so served shall thereupon become a in... Period in which to object during which a subpoena issued pursuant to Rule 440 complete if the mail complete... The name of the subpoena has been drawn directly from the official adopted and effective may 11 1990! Upon whom the subpoena may be reproduced for profit or sold for profit or sold for profit sold. Which the subpoena may not be served upon all other parties to action. Notice is for the benefit of the information on this site may be served upon adult... % EOF such Rules shall include, but are not limited to, the following: No fee and check! Does it stay lighter longer in the north prevent undue inconvenience to witnesses 2 ) if the mail complete. Is complete if the relief sought is possession, the following reasons: _____________________________________ 234.1 et seq a. ______ ( party ) objects to the party to the action served shall thereupon a! 99 0 0 subpoena ) subpoena to produce documents or things which are the..., but are not limited to, the following form: Commonwealth Pennsylvania!, Federal court ( Fees are set by 28 U.S.C.A during which a subpoena produce.
Burning Smell After Covid Vaccine,
Xtreme Adventures Guanacaste,
Paradise Funeral Home Pine Bluff, Arkansas Obituaries Today,
Robert O'donnell Obituary,
How Long To Wait Before Swimming After Belly Button Piercing,
Articles P