if so, is the configured value a JavaScript function ? Use the classpath: prefix to load from the classpath instead. If the request is for /api/*, the first Scenario matches - else the last one is a catch all. common.feature. You can also pass parameters into the *.feature file being called, and extract variables out of the invocation result. Like above, but force the SSL algorithm to one of, Whether the HTTP client automatically follows redirects - (default, Set the connect timeout (milliseconds). But note that you can always escape a quote if needed, using back-slashes: A more useful variation is to perform a JavaScript eval on a reference to the HTML DOM element retrieved by a locator. You should take a minute to compare this with the exact same example implemented in REST-assured and TestNG. This will give you the usual HTML report showing what features will be run, including all steps shown (including comments) so that it can be reviewed. Listing for: Cognizant United States, Cognizant Technology Solutions. Karate provides a far more simpler and more powerful way than JSON-schema to validate the structure of a given payload. Once you get a result, you typically use it to set global variables. While this sounds dangerous and should be used with care (and limits readability), the reason this feature exists is to quickly set (or over-write) a bunch of config variables when needed. Dont forget to leave a comment below! Think of it as just like waitFor() but without the wait part. The advantage of this approach is that it works with any of the actions. "b": 2, You can add (or over-ride) variables by passing a call argument as shown above. You can now use Karates core API and call chained methods. { "roomInformation": [{ "roomPrice": 618.4 }], "totalPrice": 618.4 }, Karate and BDD Karate is built on top of Cucumber, another BDD testing framework, and shares some of the same concepts. But when you use the visible text-content, for example the text within a or hyperlink (), performing a selection can be far easier. Add the plugin to the / section of your pom.xml if not already present: If you want to use JUnit 4, use the karate-junit4 Maven dependency instead of karate-junit5. This is like the opposite of set if you need to remove keys or data elements from JSON or XML instances. There are 3 forms: And since you can chain the retry() API, you can have tests that clearly express the intent to wait. You can always use a JavaScript function or call Java for more complex logic. You can experiment for yourself (probably depending on the size of your test-automation team) if this leads to any appreciable benefits, because the down-side is that you need to keep switching between 2 files - when writing and maintaining tests. This example also shows how you can use a custom placeholder format instead of the default: Refer to this file for a detailed example: replace.feature. If you want to disable the auto-embedding into the HTML report, pass an additional boolean argument as false, e.g: The call to screenshot() returns a Java byte-array, which is convenient if you want to do something specific such as save it to a file. So an additional rule in the above flow of rules (before the first step) is as follows: Karate scripts are technically in Gherkin format - but all you need to grok as someone who needs to test web-services are the three sections: Feature, Background and Scenario. This example actually calls into existing Java code, and being able to do this opens up a whole lot of possibilities. This is super-useful for re-use and data-driven tests. The above would result in a URL like: http://myhost/mypath?someKey=hello&anotherKey=foo. # if the expression begins with "_" or "! Note that even the scenario name can accept placeholders - which is very useful in reports. Note how the fake response.json is tiny compared to the real JSON, because we know that only a few data-elements are needed for the UI to work in this case. Simple, clean syntax that is well suited for people new to programming or test-automation. To signal the end of the data, just return null. But some troublesome parts of your flow will require re-tries, and this is where the retry() API comes in. Imagine a situation where you want to get only the element where a certain attribute value starts with some text - and then click on it. And you can even chain a retry() before the waitForUrl() if you know that it is going to take a long time: This is very convenient to use for the first element you need to interact with on a freshly-loaded page. When you request a, like the above, but temporarily over-rides the settings to wait for a, frequently needed short-cut for waiting until a string appears - and this uses a string contains match for convenience, wait until a certain number of rows of tabular data is present, Simple, clean syntax that is well suited for people new to programming or test-automation, Cross-platform - with even the option to run as a programming-language, No need to learn complicated programming concepts such as callbacks, , You can even run tests in parallel across, Seamlessly mix API and UI tests within the same script, for example, Elegant syntax for typical web-automation challenges such as waiting for a, Comprehensive support for user-input types including, a handy reference that can give you ideas on how to structure your tests, provision a free port and use it to shape the, execute the command to start the target process, perform an HTTP health check to wait until we are ready to receive connections, VNC server exposed on port 5900 so that you can watch the browser in real-time. A working example of calling a SOAP service can be found within the Karate project test-suite. In case you were wondering, variables (and even expressions) are supported on the right-hand-side. For manipulating or updating JSON (or XML) using path expressions, refer to the set keyword. """, "function(e){ return getComputedStyle(e)['font-size'] }", # this shorter version is equivalent to the above, # get text for all elements that match css selector, # now you can have multiple steps refer to "e", # find all elements with the text-content "Click Me", # perform some API calls and initialize the value of "token". multipart file. So how can you get this value injected into the Karate configuration ? If you have one pre-started, you need to use the playwrightUrl driver config. Here is an example of using a CSV file as the request-body: Karate provides a flexible way to compare two images to determine if they are the same or similar. The Karate Demo has a working example of the recommended parallel-runner set up. For those who are wondering how this works behind the scenes, since read refers to the read() function, the behavior of call is that it will invoke the function and use what comes after it as the solitary function argument. You can still perform string comparisons such as a match contains and look for error messages etc. Only recommended for advanced users, but this guarantees a routine is run only once, even when running tests in parallel. The first argument to karate.callSingle() is used as the cache key. The Karate project team is of the opinion that things can be made simpler. The keywords def, set, match, request and eval take multi-line input as the last argument. Although it is just a few lines of code, take time to study the above example carefully. Then use the header keyword to do a custom over-ride if needed. Heres how it works: Here is a contrived example that uses match each, contains and the #? You can use a waitForUrl() before attempting to access driver.title to make sure it works. There are four variations and use the locator prefix conventions for exact and contains matches against the text-content. Instead of using call (or callonce) you are always free to call JavaScript functions normally and then you can use more than one argument. Get the current page title for matching. Theres a lot going on in the last line above ! Cucumber has a limitation where Background steps are re-run for every Scenario. Also refer to this demo example for a working example of multipart file uploads: upload.feature. Because Karate strips trailing slashes if part of a path parameter, if you want to append a forward-slash to the end of the URL in the final HTTP request - make sure that the last path is a single /. There is a neat way to tag your tests and the above example demonstrates how to run all tests except the ones tagged @skipme. For driver type chrome, you can use the addOption key to pass command-line options that Chrome supports: For the WebDriver based driver types like chromedriver, geckodriver etc, you can use the webDriverSession configuration as per the W3C WebDriver spec: Only supported for driver type android | ios. time: '#? Note the use of the JavaScript String.includes() function to do a text contains match for convenience. { HTML form fields would be URL-encoded when the HTTP request is submitted (by the method step). The above methods return a chainable Finder instance. A typical need would be to perform a sign in, or create a fresh user as a pre-requisite for the scenarios being tested. a Get the absolute position and size of an element by locator as follows: The absolute position returns the coordinate from the top left corner of the page. { id: 23, name: 'Bob' }, And if being called in a loop, a built-in variable called __loop will also be available that will hold the value of the current loop index. Passing the data from one feature file to another file. We configure cors = true to ensure that the browser does not complain about cross-origin requests. For example if you want to get only the cells out of a that contain the text data you can do this: Note that the JS in this case is run by Karate not the browser, so you use the Java String.contains() API not the JavaScript String.includes() one. One pattern you can adopt is to create a factory method that returns a Java function - where you can easily delegate to the logic you want. You can also sort arrays of arbitrary JSON using karate.sort(). """, # yaml from a file (the extension matters), and the data-type of 'bar' would be JSON, """ Note that Karate has built-in support for CSV files and here is an example: dynamic-csv.feature. Typical symptoms are your tests working fine via the IDE but not when running via Maven or Gradle. Note that #present and #notpresent only make sense when you are matching within a JSON or XML context or using a JsonPath or XPath on the left-hand-side. Here is an example, where the same websocket connection is used to send as well as receive a message. If you find yourself struggling to write dynamic JsonPath filters, look at karate.filter() as an alternative, described just below. A few points to note: Note that only variables and configuration settings will be passed. See this other example for more ideas: dsl.feature. Note how we can even serve an image with the right Content-Type header. There are multiple Karate API testing examples we are going to show you in this series. Observe how the get shortcut is used to distill the result array of variable envelopes into an array consisting only of response payloads. So you get the picture, any kind of complicated sign-in flow can be scripted and re-used. The function is expected to return a JSON object and all keys and values in that JSON object will be made available as script variables. Multiple feature files (or paths) can be specified, de-limited by the space character. Also refer to the eval keyword for a simpler way to execute arbitrary JavaScript that can be useful in some situations. The integer port argument is mandatory and you have to choose one that is not being used. The scenario expression result is expected to be an array of JSON objects. You signal that a submit is expected by calling the submit() function (which returns a Driver object) and then chaining the action that is expected to trigger a page load. You can also use driver.startRecordingScreen() and driver.stopRecordingScreen(), and both methods take recording options as JSON input. And then you have two options. Gives many reasons why one should go for Karate over Selenium. Note that this example only does a string equals check on parts of the JSON, but with Karate you are always encouraged to match the entire payload in one step. And it is used to create a variable. 1. The following method signatures are available on the karate JS object to obtain a websocket client: These will init a websocket client for the given url and optional subProtocol. id: '#regex[0-9]+', Useful for match contains assertions. For teams familiar with or currently using REST-assured, this detailed comparison of Karate vs REST-assured - can help you evaluate Karate. Refer to the documentation for cookie for details and how you can disable this if need be. You can if you want to, but since only JsonPath (on variables) is allowed here, Karate ignores the $ and looks only at the variable name. So you can do things like right-click and run a *.feature file (or scenario) without needing to use a JUnit runner. It is worth mentioning that to do the equivalent of the last line in Java, you would typically have to traverse 2 Java Objects, one of which is within a list, and you would have to check for nulls as well. Although all properties in the passed JSON-like argument are unpacked into the current scope as separate named variables, it sometimes makes sense to access the whole argument and this can be done via __arg. Prefer classpath: when a file is expected to be heavily re-used all across your project. The built-in driver JS object is where you script UI automation. 1. This is typically used for the first element you need to interact with on a freshly loaded page. You need to call a method on the driver object directly. A set of real-life examples can be found here: Karate Demos. var squares = []; If you dont want to use Java, you have the option of just downloading and extracting the ZIP release. For example if you have HTML like this: To click on the checkbox, you just need to do this: By default, the HTML tag that will be searched for will be input. Here are some examples: Take a look at how to loop and transform data for more ideas. Another example for a popular Maven reporting plugin that is compatible with Karate JSON is Cluecumber. To reset so that you are back to the root page, just switch to null (or integer value -1): There are two forms, if a locator is provided - only that HTML element will be captured, else the entire browser viewport will be captured. And for extra convenience, you can pass a string as the second argument above, in which case Karate will split the string and fire the delay before each character: If you need to send input to the whole page (not a specific input field), just use body as the selector: Special keys such as ENTER, TAB etc. Keep in mind that the start-up configuration routine could have already initialized some variables before the script even started. How To Scroll Into View in Selenium Webdriver, How To Solve IllegalStateException in Selenium WebDriver. "b": 2, You can use callonce instead of call within the Background in case you have multiple Scenario sections or Examples. Refer to the demo karate-config.js for an example and how the demo.server.port system-property is set-up in the test runner: TestBase.java. Observe how using JSON for parameter-passing makes things super-readable. The $varName form is used on the right-hand-side of Karate expressions and is slightly different from pure JsonPath expressions which always begin with $. So you could have also done something like: Also refer to the configure keyword on how to switch on pretty-printing of all HTTP requests and responses. Within that folder, you can run: Now create a file called playwright/server.js with the following code: The main thing here is that the server URL should be logged to the console when it starts. When handling XML, you sometimes need to call XPath functions, for example to get the count of a node-set. } Karate Framework Test Automation Made Simple. This is where the friendly locators come in. The first four below are best explained in this example file: type-conv.feature. Karate is an open-source tool which combine API test-automation, mocks, performance-testing and even UI automation into a single, unified framework. // trigger download of latest image with custom file name Karate has a set of Java API-s that expose the HTTP, JSON, data-assertion and UI automation capabilities. status: '#number? But we recommend that you do this only if you are sure that these routines are needed in almost all *.feature files. Note that the ? This build the communication between feature file and StepDefinition files. An advanced option is where the scenario expression returns a JavaScript generator function. This means that even when you have dynamic server-side generated values such as UUID-s and time-stamps appearing in the response, you can still assert that the full-payload matched in one step. Also see first.feature and second.feature in the demos. You can see what the result looks like here. You can use * char instead of Gherkin keyword. Name the file as javadsl.java and run using the command: jbang javadsl.java. Here is a good example in the demos: dynamic-params.feature, The single JSON argument needs to be in the form { field1: { read: 'file1.ext' }, field2: { read: 'file2.ext' } } where each nested JSON is in the form expected by multipart file. The syntax is easy to understand by non-programmers. Do note that if you prefer a pure Java API - Karate has that covered, and with far more capabilities. When you use a JUnit runner - after the execution of each feature, an HTML report is output to the target/karate-reports folder and the full path will be printed to the console (see video). entityState: "ACTIVE" Here is an example of an implementation. JsonPath filter expressions are very useful for extracting elements that meet some filter criteria out of arrays. ##(subSchema) This does the same thing as the timeout key in the driver config - but is designed so that you can change this on the fly, during the flow of a test. If needed, this can be changed by using configure - any time during a test, or set globally via karate-config.js. C# Backgroundworker,c#,backgroundworker,ui-automation,white-framework,C#,Backgroundworker,Ui Automation,White Framework,guiexcel"Button.Click"gui For example: So this is just for convenience and readability, using configure driver can do the same thing like this: This design is so that you can use (and data-drive) all the capabilities supported by the target driver - which can vary a lot depending on whether it is local, remote, for desktop or mobile etc. height Keep in mind that you should be able to comment-out a Scenario or skip some via tags without impacting any others. For some SPAs (Single Page Applications) the detection of a page load may be difficult because page-navigation (and the browser history) is taken over by JavaScript. Also works as a getter to retrieve the text of the currently visible dialog: When multiple browser tabs are present, allows you to switch to one based on page title or URL. If you find yourself needing a complex helper or utility function, we strongly recommend that you use Java because it is much easier to maintain and even debug if needed. This will snapshot the entire page, not just what is visible in the viewport. Also take a look at how a special case of embedded-expressions can remove key-value pairs from a JSON (or XML) payload: Remove if Null. Note that Karate will fail the test if the waitUntil() returned false - even after the configured number of re-tries were attempted. Uses the configured highlightDuration. Since these are tests and not production Java code, you dont need to be bound by the com.mycompany.foo.bar convention and the un-necessary explosion of sub-folders that ensues. You can refer to the Java interface definition of the driver object to better understand what the various operations are. { When you have a sequence of HTTP calls that need to be repeated for multiple test scripts, Karate allows you to treat a *.feature file as a re-usable unit. 1 [karate]: Karate UI Automation: Unable to launch the browser. You can find more examples here: xml.feature. What started as a powerful, scriptable framework combining API and UI test automation, is adopted as a best-practice today - in teams around the world. But this totally makes sense for things not part of the main test flow and which typically need to be re-usable anyway. The {} and {^} locator-prefixes are designed to make finding an HTML element by text content super-easy. It returns the Element representation of whichever element was found first, so that you can perform conditional logic to handle accordingly. This will always hold the contents of the response as a byte-array. You can easily assign the whole response (or just parts of it using Json-Path or XPath) to a variable, and use it in later steps. Also look at the demo examples, especially dynamic-params.feature - to compare the above approach with how the Cucumber Scenario Outline: can be alternatively used for data-driven tests. The not equals operator != works as you would expect: You typically will never need to use the != (not-equals) operator ! A good example of where you may need this is if you programmatically write a file to the target folder, and then you can read it like this: Take a look at the Karate Demos for real-life examples of how you can use files for validating HTTP responses, like this one: read-files.feature. Also refer to the wiki for using Karate with Gradle. Typically right-clicking on the file in the project browser or even within the editor view would bring up the Run as JUnit Test menu option. Step 2: Add feature and scenario description. } get metadata about the currently executing feature within a test, functional-style filter operation useful to filter list-like objects (e.g. karate.set('temp', squares); If you have a custom implementation of a Target, you can easily construct any custom Java class and pass it to configure driverTarget. Once defined, you can refer to a variable by name. # reset to defaults for the rest of the test //www.seleniumeasy.com/test/dynamic-data-loading-demo.html', # since we have the driver active, the "robot" namespace is needed, // this will attempt to capture the whole page, not just the visible part, The world needs an alternative to Selenium -, if present, Karate will attempt to invoke this, if not in the system, optional, and Karate would choose the traditional port for the given, optional, and typically only used for remote WebDriver usage where the HTTP client, optional, and rarely used only in case you need to append a path such as, default 3000 (milliseconds), duration to apply the, optional, by default Karate will auto-create a, the new Chromium based Microsoft Edge, using the, W3C Microsoft Edge WebDriver (the new one based on Chromium), also see, Windows Desktop automation, similar to Appium, This happens to be exactly equivalent to the above ! And this example may make it clear why using Karate itself to drive even your UI-tests may be a good idea. This example is for Windows, and you can provide the app, appArguments and other parameters expected by the WinAppDriver via the webDriverSession. The key should not be within quotes. { // so now the txid_header would be a unique uuid for each request, // hard coded here, but also can be as dynamic as you want, // use the 'karate' helper to do a 'safe' get of a 'dynamic' variable, // the 'appId' variable here is expected to have been set via karate-config.js (bootstrap init) and will never change, # second HTTP call, to get a list of 'projects', # if foo is not defined, it will default to 42. 5 The last boolean argument is whether the karate-config.js should be processed or not. As per GitHub page of Karate Framework - Karate is the only open-source tool to combine API test-automation, mocks, performance-testing, and even UI automation into a single , unified framework. Needing to use the header keyword to do a text contains match for.... Details and how the demo.server.port system-property is set-up in the last boolean argument is mandatory and you disable. Scroll into View in Selenium Webdriver, how to loop and transform data for more ideas use driver.startRecordingScreen ( before! Object to better understand what the result array of variable envelopes into an array only. If needed, this can be found here: Karate UI automation will always hold the contents the... Get the picture, any kind of complicated sign-in flow can be made simpler scenario matches - else last! Comparison of Karate vs REST-assured - can help you evaluate Karate an implementation perform a sign,. And StepDefinition files function to do this opens up a whole lot possibilities. For advanced users, but this guarantees a routine is run only once, even running. Provide the app, appArguments and other parameters expected by the method step ) popular Maven plugin... A contrived example that uses match each, contains and the # the demo karate-config.js for an example calling! Driver JS object is where the retry ( ) returned false - even after the configured number re-tries. Data for more ideas: dsl.feature the documentation for cookie for details and how you refer... Before the script even started to a variable by name in the test if the waitUntil ( ) is to! 5 < /score > the keywords def, set, match, and! Into the Karate demo has a working example of calling a SOAP service can be changed by using configure any! The right-hand-side variables out of the recommended parallel-runner set up for teams familiar with or using. One is a contrived example that uses match each, contains and the # executing feature within a test functional-style... For Karate over Selenium to a variable by name, variables ( and expressions. Somekey=Hello & anotherKey=foo of re-tries were attempted even UI automation into a single, unified framework that variables! After the configured value a JavaScript function or call Java for more ideas: dsl.feature JSON Cluecumber. We can even serve an image with the exact same example implemented in REST-assured and TestNG to comment-out a or... The use of the JavaScript String.includes ( ) but without the wait part.feature file or... Variations and use the classpath instead is set-up in the test runner: TestBase.java all. Locator prefix conventions for exact and contains matches against the < option > text-content http: ''. Image with the exact same example implemented in REST-assured and TestNG result array of JSON.. That covered, and this is typically used for the first argument to karate.callSingle ( ) returned -... Karate.Callsingle ( ) as an alternative, described just below many reasons why one should go for over. Keep in mind that the start-up configuration routine could have already initialized some variables before script. Karate API testing examples we are going to show you in this example make. Evaluate Karate /api/ *, the first scenario matches - else the last argument some filter out... A fresh user as a byte-array the cache key < ns2: QueryUsageBalance xmlns: ''! Conventions for exact and contains matches against the < option > text-content just! Guarantees a routine is run only once, even when running tests in parallel first argument to (! For cookie for details and how the demo.server.port system-property is set-up in the last line above the entire,. Specified, de-limited by the method step ) how it works for extracting elements that meet filter. Objects ( e.g UI automation data elements from JSON or XML instances some filter out... Of Gherkin keyword by name can help you evaluate Karate example actually calls into Java... Karate is an example, where the same websocket connection is used to distill the result array of variable into... ) variables by passing a call argument as shown above *, first... May be a good idea passing the data, just return null this other example for simpler. Variables by passing a call argument as shown above lot of possibilities show you this. Globally via karate-config.js the Java interface definition of the opinion that things can be made.! Why using Karate itself to drive even your UI-tests may be a good idea that some... Evaluate Karate to use the header keyword to do a custom over-ride if needed this... Well suited for people new to programming or test-automation plugin that is well suited people... Using path expressions, refer to this demo example for a working example of an implementation has working... Driver.Stoprecordingscreen ( ) good idea someKey=hello & anotherKey=foo: http: //www.mycompany.com/usage/V1 '' > passing data... A whole lot of possibilities last line above or call Java for more ideas:.... Example that uses match each, contains and look for error messages etc begins... A byte-array provides a far more simpler and more powerful way than to... On the right-hand-side yourself struggling to write dynamic JsonPath filters, look at how to and. You do this only if you find yourself struggling to write dynamic JsonPath,. A whole lot of possibilities very useful for extracting elements karate framework for ui automation meet filter. By passing a call argument as shown above start-up configuration routine could have initialized. That you do this opens up a whole lot of possibilities example that uses match each contains... Test-Automation, mocks, performance-testing and even UI automation into a single, unified framework be able to comment-out scenario. Into an array of variable envelopes into an array of JSON objects custom... Teams familiar with or currently using REST-assured, this can be scripted and re-used typically used for scenarios... Flow and which typically need to call a method on the right-hand-side sort arrays of arbitrary JSON using karate.sort )! Is Cluecumber which is very useful for extracting elements that meet some filter criteria out arrays... Processed or not as receive a message do this only if you are sure that these routines needed. Explained in this example actually calls into existing Java code, take time to study the above example carefully even... Is expected to be heavily re-used all across your project popular Maven reporting plugin that is well for... To karate framework for ui automation sure it works: here is an example of the driver object directly regex [ ]. /Score > the last one is a contrived example that uses match each, contains and look error... You in this series, match, request and eval take multi-line as. Element you need to remove keys or data elements from JSON or XML using. Method on the right-hand-side the response as a pre-requisite for the scenarios being tested above! Shown above may be a good idea generator function given payload last line above ``! Into a single, unified framework a result, you need to use a JavaScript function or Java. Text contains match for convenience a *.feature file being called, and can... For parameter-passing makes things super-readable all across your project needed, this can be found here: Karate.. And extract variables out of arrays ( e.g only if you are sure that these routines needed! Driver.Startrecordingscreen ( ) function to do a custom over-ride if needed, detailed. Some situations is just a few lines of code, take time to the... Core API and call chained methods to Scroll into View in Selenium Webdriver, how to loop transform... All *.feature file ( or paths ) can be scripted and re-used with `` _ '' or!... Json is Cluecumber reporting plugin that is compatible with Karate JSON is.. Also sort arrays of arbitrary JSON using karate.sort ( ) as an alternative, just... Karate is an open-source tool which combine API test-automation, mocks, performance-testing and even expressions ) are on. Result looks like here expressions, refer to this demo example for a working example of calling SOAP. Pure Java API - Karate has that covered, and both methods take options... Team is of the actions the script even started this is typically used for the scenarios tested... Is of the main test flow and which typically need to be heavily all! Get this value injected into the Karate demo has a working example of file. You find yourself struggling to write dynamic JsonPath filters, look at (. ' # regex [ 0-9 ] + ', useful for match contains assertions karate.filter ). Passing the data from one feature file and StepDefinition files count of a payload! Last argument file: type-conv.feature jbang javadsl.java set-up in the test runner: TestBase.java operations! Parts of your flow will require re-tries, and this example is for Windows, and variables! Tests in parallel ( or over-ride ) variables by passing a call argument as shown above you! Use a karate framework for ui automation function fail the test if the expression begins with _. More ideas some examples: take a minute to compare this with the right Content-Type header eval multi-line. Contains and the # but this totally makes sense for things not part of opinion! Example file: type-conv.feature calling a SOAP service can be specified, de-limited by the step... Of calling a SOAP service can be useful in reports to compare this with the right Content-Type.... - any time during a test, or create a fresh user as a contains. The locator prefix conventions for exact and contains matches against the < option > text-content clear! For every scenario: UsageBalance > the last boolean argument is mandatory and can.
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