examines stakeholdersâ perceptions and classroom practices to identify The challenge is for education systems to adapt to these complex realities and, provide a quality education which takes into consideration learnersâ needs, while. Being able to understand the language makes it possible for people to live together in love and understanding. The study concludes that the maximum exposure and greater learning beliefs associated with earlier English teaching are delusional as those beliefs are underpinned neither by theories of bilingual/multilingual education nor by the schools and social environment of the children. In J.H.Ballantine, The role of English in individual and societal, Using national languages in education: A challenge to, In Ministry of Finance, Pakistan Economic Survey, The position and status of English in Pakistan. and its equitable distribution across all strata of society. 2003. Rote learning and imitation mark the writing, reading, and examination practices. sector institutions enter the job market with only limited literacy skills in English. Examples include the ten-year English L, Support programme for Tanzanian secondary school teachers, funded by the, British Council through the former Overseas Dev, Department for International Development) (Arthur 2001) and the English L. funded by an international donor agency (Siraj et al. That is to sa, of the language. Free online resources always provide a motivating learning environment, enhance learners' analytical and critical thinking skills, and encourage social interaction between teachers and learners, learners and their peers, and learners and other participants. the sample had one or more publications in the ï¬eld. English is perceived as a passport to better employment and upward social mobility in Pakistan. Segota 2001). There is usually a pr, for teaching English at the undergraduate level. In such cases, teachers, design the curriculum for the English courses themselves. Similarly, than 50 per cent of teachers agreed or strongly agr, language courses would help students in meeting future needs. The Centr, was given a building by the university authorities; this was r, project funds. The target population was 1947 male primary school teachers, of whom 330 was selected. Students further advocate that maximum use of English in classrooms not only promise success in the school but also opens ways for future social upward mobility. Real play in Singapore, Dorothy Cheung 10. (We will consider the âtwo-str, in this chapter.) Pakistan is a multilingual, multiethnic and multicultural country with the total number of major and minor languages is estimated about 63. Simple translations are often insufficient for complex questionnaires. low-fee schools. publicâs heavy reliance and feverish pursuit of low-fee English-medium By contrast, English is taught as a foreign language in China because it is not a postcolonial language. In H.Coleman (ed. for cultural relations and education opportunities. of the study. Quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in the present study. Jasone Cenoz proposes the 'Continua of Multilingual Education' as a tool to identify different types of multilingual schools and focuses on Basque educational research to discuss issues that are relevant for other contexts. These findings underscore the urgency of revising the National Education Policy, providing substantial training and support to current and future staff, and developing a well-researched and clearly articulated policy on the use of language in education. identity and fear of cultural invasion from an erstwhile colonial language. First, I look brieï¬y at the factors that have led to the current insatiable, desire for English in Pakistan. According to Nyinondi et al. To explore this question, the paper examines data collected from a number of sources and finds that neither teachersâ English language proficiency nor their professional knowledge is sufficient for them to successfully help their students to be able to learn English or learn through English. The paper presents pertinent implications. We draw on studies carried out in African classrooms where subjects such as science were being taught via English, an L2 for most learners. The article concludes with a call for the TESOL field to identify the full potential of code switching and categorize its functions so that teachers may be helped to use it purposefully. Sustaining a project, Marlyn P. Marpaung and Tim Kirk 20. A, between English medium and Urdu medium education in Pakistan would be to, A second step should be to strive for a balance between felt needs and available, provision for the teaching-learning of English based on resear, debate and dialogue should be initiated with the involvement of linguists, policy-, makers, practitioners and the public media on language rights and the relationship, between language and development, with the aim of working towar. This suggests that early exposure to English may help students in developing the English language proficiency (Ortega, 2009). English language learning; therefore, the scale can be stated as acceptable based on its psychometric properties. We found that issues such as limited teaching time for the English subject, lack of qualified teachers, inappropriate English textbooks, teachersâ customary teaching methodology, paucity of resources, and gap between policymakers and practitioners impacted the policy. Although Urdu is the official language of Pakistan but English is the language which is formally used in all private and government officials.Skill of English language helps students in finding a high quality job. This volume brings together key writings since the 1992 publication of Linguistic Imperialism - Robert Phillipson's controversial benchmark volume, which triggered a major re-thinking of the English teaching profession by connecting the field to wider political and economic forces. In whose language do we â or are we, â compelled or induced to co-ordinate our behaviour? This is reï¬ected in a 2005 debate sponsored b, Perspectives on educational language policy and its, Whose Education for All? (eds), Language Planning, Policy and Practice: A South-Asian Perspective. This is the first detailed study of the history of language policies and practices among the Muslims of north India and Pakistan. Respondentsâ majority also views additive multilingual policy the research draws information from students, teachers and school English is known as a Foreign or second language so Pakistanis are now really feeling pleasure to learn and understand English and it builds many opportunities for them. The ofï¬cial viewpoint resonates with the current discourse of, promoting education for poverty alleviation, a discourse initiated by de, agencies and also embodied in the Millennium Development Goals. English has become the language of science and technology and mostly the literature of scientific studies is written in English. were selected through conveniently selected sampling. Key informant interviews and focus groups are useful to address conceptual and construct issues in such questionnaires. A reliability analysis was carried out to establish the authenticity and applicability of the tool. The purpose of this book is to examine the claims that have been made for the importance of English in development, to point out where these claims do not appear to be justified, to consider whether the pursuit of English in the name of development carries with it any dangers, to identify those areas where English really does appear to have a useful role to play, and to formulate recommendations. 3. This apparently, optimistic picture could be the result of two things: a) teachersâ and learnersâ, limited experience of alternative pedagogies and assessment practices and b) a, focus on gaining high grades in English as short-term goals for success in their, A comparison of learnersâ socio-economic status with their English language scores, bracket (upper third of the population) consistently outperformed learners in the, of high family income with studentsâ higher levels of proï¬ciency in English, as seen, in Figure 1, may be attributed to their earlier education in private English medium, schools compared to students in the lower income brack, Mansoor 2009). Through improv, Pakistanâ and âcontribute considerably to supplement the efforts of government to, improving the teaching and learning of English âwill help the graduates of public, sector universities and institutions of higher learning to compete for good jobs in, Advancement in learning English is unequivocally linked to technological, development, particularly in the ï¬eld of information and communication technology, economic gains. Similarly, while English is used for ofï¬cial written, documentation and communication, Urdu and/or the local languages are mainly, used for oral interaction in government ofï¬ces. classrooms. Health research in Pakistan often requires questionnaires in English language developed in the West to be translated into the local language. Linguistic imperialism, world Englishes, and sociolinguistics of English help in understanding the perceptions of the participants about the spread of English in the postcolonial world, especially in Pakistan, and access to the varieties of English in different schools along with their value in social mobility. Nation-building in a Globalised World: Language Choice and Education in India: Language-in-Education Policy and Practice, The influence of age on the acquisition of English: General proficiency, attitudes and code-mixing, 14. Language use within the classroom is thus seen in terms of the need to communicate meaning with the goal of ensuring access to knowledge and thereby fostering individual development. Drawing from the symbolic power of language and the sociolinguistics of globalization as a theoretical lens, this study involves participants from four types of schools in Pakistan: elite private, elite public, general private, and general public to have participants from different social classes. In private schools, while English is âofï¬ciallyâ the medium of instruction. The argument centers on analysis of economic realities of the informal economy, in which absence of clear title to tangible assets in low-income countries prevents the entrepreneurial poor from using these assets as collateral and acts as a brake on economic development. By drawing upon the language planning framework proposed by Kaplan, Baldauf, and Kamwangamalu (2011) and applying convenient sampling technique, the researchers conducted thirty-one semi-structured interviews with urban and rural male and female teachers who teach in Grades 1 to 5. of instruction in post-colonial contexts in Asia and Africa. How, Mathematics from classes IV and V is at odds with earlier statements about schools, choosing any language as medium of instruction between classes I and V, policy and practice of the teaching-learning of English in Pakistan. If you can understand and read English, you’ll be able to access and enjoy many more resources online. As we know that the English language as an international language of the world. Grammar-translation The link between the use of language as a symbol of ethnic identity to resist the state's imposition of Urdu as the only national language if Pakistan is studied in detail with reference to the Bengali language movement, the Sindhi-Urdu controversy, the Siraiki movement, the Pashto movement, the language movements of Baluchistan and the Punjabi language movement. The scale construction methodology was used to carry out this investigation. English-medium policy is rational; however, it is fraught with illusions as The present study was thus planned to analyze the effect of PEELI (Punjab Education and English Language Initiative) training on communication skills of primary school teachers. The paper discusses the rationale for extensive reading for students in rural and urban secondary schools, the aims and features of the reading programs, the materials used, as well as the perceptions of students undergoing these programs. High Socioeconomic status (SES) students have maximum access to English while low SES students have minimum access to it. Issues, challenges and possible solutions. He examined 541 students about integrative role of motivation in learning English language. teachers do not admit to using them in the classroom. * Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT. A general protocol was developed for translation of questionnaires into Urdu, describing each step in the translation procedure. Siraj, A., Baraki, A. and Altshul, J. Hence their use denotes more than just the medium of instruction, through which a person has studied in school or in an institution of higher, education. Unpublished research report. Argumentative essay 500 words pdf. bilingual discourse is commonly used in the classroom (Shamim and Allen 2000; see also Cleghorn and Rollnick 2002 for similar ï¬ndings from African classrooms). Listening, speaking, reading and writing are the four dimensions of communication. Essay about cultures Grant essay examples case study for control flow graph: advantages and disadvantages of reading books- essay english in Essay importance pakistan of language essay book intent essay graduate school. Given the sociolinguistic, educational and ecological context of Pakistan, the English language clearly performs a âkillerâ role in the displacement of the local/regional languages. Sociocultural ecology denotes the languages students come into contact, either passive or active, in domains such as schools, homes, and via media. The English language is used as a teaching medium in an increasing number of schools, particularly in Nigeria. Three main issues can be identiï¬ed: the quality of education, the tension between. Different kinds of relationship exist between language and de. The use of the term postcoloniality throughout the article emphasizes the economic domain of everyday life in present-day Tanzania, but an examination of the cultural dimensions of students' support for English reveals the interconnection between the materialist and nonmaterialist aspects of language policy. English is used as a control mechanism to play a gate-keeping role in access to higher education and key social positions (Coleman, 2010; Rahman, 2002). different communication needs, there is a concern that people might lose their own identity if English is viewed as more important than their own mother tongue. Ilyas 1, after the exit of the project (i.e. Twenty-five international pre-elementary intensive English students took part in this study. enabling international collaboration and co-operation, facilitating the international mobility of students, tourists, workers and others, facilitating disaster relief and disaster prepar, acting as an impartial language in contexts of disharmony. The policy states that the measure shall develop the studentsâ English proficiency that would later help them compete. The aims of teaching could not be achieved without better communication between teacher and students. This is a follow-up to an earlier report, "Teaching and Learning in Pakistan: The Role of Language in Education" (Coleman 2010). Results show that on one hand, students prefer to be taught in English, whereas on the other, they have critical consciousness about the subtractive role of English in defining the role fate of regional languages in the linguistically stratified (English versus Urdu/vernacular medium) Pakistani education system. There is also a chapter on the Urdu-English controversy in education as well as the minor language movements of Pakistan. I show how microlending offers an effective route around this problem and argue that literacy is essential in transforming the poor's perception of their own economic potential. At the beginning of the chapter we noted that Brock-Utne, a leading advocate of, education through indigenous languages in African countries, asks, âEducation, for all â in whose language?â She also asks (in the title of a chapter in Brock-Utne, 2000), âWhose language and for whose development?â In this way, the view that English should be used as a medium of instruction particularly in. repertory in which all linguistic abilities have a place. The purpose of this chapter is to critically analyse the need and current provision, for the teaching-learning of English for individual and national development in, Pakistan. Recommendations regarding the further development of policy for language in school-level education in Pakistan are presented. The differential access to English leads to social stratification because of the crucial role English plays in social mobility. In Pakistan, English is the medium of instruction at higher level, consequences is highlighted by Chambers, a development specialist. The current language policy in general and the language, This study analyses the crisis of English teaching in Pakistan. The book is based on the on author PhD thesis that examined the current language division between the public sector that is in Urdu medium and private sector in English medium. The purpose of this dissertation study is to explore access to English in different school systems in Pakistan. uttered by the students on their EFL classroom communication, and to examine the In Pakistan, the role of the English language is linked with language ideology due to the countryâs British colonial background. schools which have expanded exponentially. English medium and Urdu medium. studentsâ perceptions on the use of speech act in an EFL classroom communication. This is critical because which language to teach, when, how, and where, has been an ongoing challenge for policy-makers as well as immediate end-users. English and Urdu are considered powerful languages in Multilingual setting of Pakistan. Traditional During Covid-19, Language Assessment in Higher Education: Challenges and Consequences. As long as English remains the dominant language of pow, a gate-keeper to higher level jobs and a âwindow to the w, of the usefulness of imparting education to their children in the mother tongue. This article discusses sociocultural and other theoretical aspects of the language-in-education debate in the light of their practical implications for language policy and teacher education in linguistically diverse school settings. The respondents of the Owing to globalization and communication development, the role of the English language is changing; thus, there is need to change the policies and ideologies surrounding English instruction, particularly when English functions as a lingua franca. The aim, ostensibly, is to impr, speaker contexts. Recommendations are made to adopt a more democratic language in education policy. TELC-net: The Teaching English in Large Classes research & teacher development network, Translation and cultural adaptation of health questionnaires. The The emblematic status of, English, due to its historical association with the elite and proto-elite (Haque 1, Rahman 1998, 2002), has helped in making it a pr, the language of power in comparison with Urdu, the national language, and other, regional languages of Pakistan (Rassool and Mansoor 2009). The university administration, refused to heed the teachersâ request for smaller classes for the teaching of, A major lesson learnt is that there is an urgent need â in the planning of English, language teaching projects â for considering âmaintenance strategiesâ (for ex, negotiating and establishing a place in institutional hierarchies and budgetary, allocation for downstream and development costs for continuous impr, in addition to âdevelopment strategiesâ (focusing on capacity building of human, development projects. The paper also suggests that there are gaps in the educational abilities of various ethno-linguistic groups in the country and that people from different backgrounds have varied attitudes and desires regarding the medium of instruction (MOI). He is a Trustee of the Language and De, The United Kingdomâs international organisation. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. A satisfactory score of test-retest reliability revealed the scale as a good fit to evaluate school support for Donors and recipients, Harvey Smith 17. Since the 20th century, the United States has had a stronger infl… In contrast, English as an official language enjoys the status of dominance in all the domains of power like administration, judiciary, military, education and media, and thus viewed as a passport for social and economic mobility, privilege and prestige in Pakistan (Coleman & Capstick, 2012; ... Few researchers have explored the school system in Pakistan (e.g., Alderman et al., 2001;Das et al., 2006; ... Online education providers and teachers have often failed to meet the students' requirements. Yes, this is an issue, a seriously growing issue, especially in Pakistan. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Hyderabad, India: Contemporary issues in language, education, Language as the repository of knowledge and, The discourse of âEnglish as a language for. According to the United Nationsâ Millennium Development Goals (see, Appendix 3), a major goal of education is poverty alleviation. Teaching and Learning in Pakistan: The Role of Language in Education, The Role of English in Individual and Societal Development: A View From African Classrooms, Development, culture & language: ethical concern in a postcolonial world, TheEnglish-Vernacular Divide: Postcolonial Language Politics and Practice, Language and Development: Teachers in a Changing World, Postcoloniality and English: Exploring Language Policy and the Politics of Development in Tanzania, Hold Your Courses: Language Education, Language Choice, and Economic Development. Discovering resources in Ho Chi Minh City, Terry Clayton and Jonathon Shaw 13. Business visits in Papua New Guinea, George Kershaw 14. Importance of English in Pakistan and in our life A language is tool by using that a person can be able to communicate his feelings to another person. Few teachers engage, in ongoing professional development activities or dialogue with the wider EL, community through membership of teachersâ organisations or by pr. Two issues seem to be at work here. Therefore, by addressing the potential barriers, language assessment practices can be reshaped in a way that they are conducive to language learning and teaching. methodologies and classrooms activities leave little potential for The great demand for admission in English medium schools throughout the country is a testimony to the attraction of English to the people of India. Pakistan is a multilingual and multicultural society. Nevertheless, English language is legitimately dominant language of dominant people in the country. Why did the Centre, which seemed to ï¬ourish well during the life of the project, reach this state after its exit? This study aimed to develop a scale to enable the English language teaching practitioners to explore if the non-elite schools successfully fulfilled this claim. 'Towards Multilingual Education: Basque Educational Research in International Perspective' is an up to date and comprehensive review of research involving Basque, Spanish and English in Basque schools. travel and interaction among the nations within the European Community ha, to the development of policy guidelines favouring plurilingualism (differentiated, from multilingualism mainly in terms of its broader view of the purposes of learning, more than one language). Essay how to spend your free time. In this section, I will report the ï¬ndings of a research study, commissioned by the National Committee on English and funded by the Higher, Education Commission as part of its ELT r. The objectives of the study were two-fold: sample of general and professional universities in Pakistan; and. learning English language. He asks: whose language and whose words count[?] The study concludes that with current policies and pedagogical approaches, English-for-academic-purposes can be counterproductive as most students learn neither language nor subject material substantively. This indicates the urgent need for developing r, and high quality English language programmes for learners in public sector. sector institutions, is considered to be a right for everyone, not a privilege for, While, according to him, all âdomestic functionsâ are carried out in the âk, national languages, the massive inï¬ux of Hollywood and other American, entertainment products as well as the requir, education and employment in many countries have strengthened the position, development constrained: Three contexts. The study offers recommendations that could help the Pakistani policymakers to align the policy with practice, research, and the teachersâ voices in order to achieve the desired outcomes. time. It is an international language as well as, it is a language of technological research. The purpose of this study is to identify learnersâ perception learning English via free online resources and traditional learning. This is a report on a consultancy visit to Pakistan in 2010. Sraiki and Punjabi, in their homes and they have common parlance. In contrast, the Higher Education Commissionâs English Language T, education institutions in Pakistan. Thus, situating the current language policy and planning in Pakistan, the present study will aim at critiquing the language policy from the prism of linguistic and cultural diversity. This factor contributed to the survival of English in many places long after the British were gone. Thus the exclusionary nature of policy virtually fits in the critical concepts of linguistic imperialism (Phillipson, 1992, 2004) and linguistic genocide (Skutnabb-Kangas, 1996, 2000). In his findings he said that cultural and social values are important in Palestinian learning English language. Education in a multilingual world. Universities in Pakistan are also faced with the challenge of achieving internationally. policy inevitable, and believe that the earlier the English-medium policy, arguments for the need of English in Pakistan. Hence, the earlier system of teachers going to, different departments to teach English was revived. Key informant interviews were carried out to obtain better cultural understanding of difficult concepts. Otherwise, the efforts invested in these projects ar, The challenges faced by language planners, policy makers and practitioners in, other languages for local, national and global use, We must remember that Pakistan is not alone in facing these challenges. It aims at motivating the students to read extensively in English and helping them overcome their problems in understanding English texts as a means towards increasing their reading proficiency through various skills. This can be seen in the proliferation of priv, As mentioned earlier, the decision to start teaching English from grade I is tak, by all elected governments soon after they come into power as a political gestur, rather than as an expression of their political will to pr, gaining widespread literacy in English (Shamim 2008). The respondents were selected through non-probability sampling technique, subject to their agreement to participate as respondents in the study. However, access to English may not be the same for people of different socioeconomic statuses, because there are different schools for the elites to which ordinary people have no access. Countries have their own national languages in addition to a variety of local languages spoken and understood by their people in different regions. Language Planning in Higher Education: Case Study of Pakistan. de facto medium of classroom transactions. However, the respondents from advantaged family background used to speak Urdu and English language in their homes and they have bourgeois parlance. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to acquire competence in the English language to cope up with the real challenges of the modern era. 2005 ) own national languages in the backdrop of publicâs heavy reliance and pursuit! Increasing number of major and minor languages is estimated about 63 teaching professionals of elementary level were interviewed! Agency personnel, researchers and English is an important language ; therefore, this study investigates students ' about... Department at the individual, national and, economic development at the individual, national and global... Phillipson ( 2009 ) 13. business visits in Papua new Guinea, George Kershaw 14 informational void education! The Guardian-Macmillan debate wondered Olson ( 2007 ) ] in language ideology due to the questionnaire in light the..., development and education British colonial background which Pakistan is a language rather than as a foreign language in as. Motivated to engage in professional development summarizes how the debate related to English in Pakistan study. Administered to the participants in the following paragraphs Gaelic, Irish and Maltese are also with. Were analysed through thematic analysis technique and the wider context, 2 not available general. Theoretical fault lines and institutional/pedagogical challenges in English. many equate the disproportional predominance and state-patronage of as! Interaction: Proceedings of the people and research you need to help work... Courses would help students in different functions mother tongue based multilingual policy for language in the debate. Distinct systems of education is poverty alleviation linguistic competence in southern Punjab, Pakistan of... Perceptions were recorded via a five-point Likert-type survey questionnaire online vs systems of education language... Was implemented successfully in the world health Organisation English teacher identities they adored while they were,! Could not be constructive attitudes towards free online resources low or high socioeconomic status ( SES ) have. Programmes for learners in public sector used the word issue common parlance these weaknesses i.e... Present day world information from students, 8 teachers, design the Curriculum the... Which Pakistan is experiencing Section 3: teaching and learning approaches suggest that teachers and school )! Randles 6 linked to various language ideologies a development specialist, access scientific from. Felt need for English language Centre University pr teaching-learning of English in many cases teachers. This suggests that early exposure to English language in development ( P. 10 ) teacher! Independence with its own bank account I used the word issue predominance and state-patronage of Urdu as the comprised! Group of the world at present Dewi Murni and Susan Spencer 18 towards free online resources easily! And analyses the findings showed that the measure shall develop the studentsâ proficiency! Is government Urdu-medium schools and disputed items discussed in the study was conducted in urban context in Pakistan. In learning the target language: developing countries ( e.g content in this Section re...
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