Imms’ Textbook of Entomology. 2005, Stehr 1987, Wagner 2005). pp. 1797. Photographs by Donald W. Hall, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida. Also, the cleistogamous flowers do not have the characteristic “tobacco pipe” shape as they do not trap insects for pollination. 1987. It is also known as the blue swallowtail (e.g., Howe 1988, Iftner et al. 2013. Minno et al. However, if you want to throw caution to the wind, you can order Aristolochia tomentosa online from Mail Order Natives located in Lee, Florida. 1998) outside their native ranges. Houghton Mifflin. 2. Pupal color dimorphism in California, Sims SR, Shapiro AM. Also, lower aristolochic acid concentrations in some Aristolochia species or variations in concentrations between individuals of the same species may explain the contradictions. 2000. The dorsal aspect of the hindwings of females (Figure 4) has duller iridescence than that of males. Caterpillars of Eastern North America. In the larvae stage (all five), all swallowtail larvae resemble bird droppings. Figure 11. 459 pp. University of Toronto Press. (eds.). Animal Behaviour 92: 1-8. Pipevine, Aristolochia macrophylla Lam. The dorsal surfaces of the wings of males are mostly black with blue or blue-green iridescence on the hind wings (Figure 3). 1960. Larvae of the pipevine swallowtail and those of the other swallowtails belonging to the tribe Troidini feed on plants in the genus Aristolochia and are commonly referred to as the Aristolochia swallowtails. Insect pollination: Aristolochia species have fascinating pollination biologies (Proctor et al. 2015, Pegram & Rutowski 2014, Pegram & Rutowski 2016). Swallowtail Butterflies: Their Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Aristolochic acids in the products have been implicated as causative agents of renal toxicity and also may be carcinogenic (Heinrich et al. Adults have tough bodies that allow them to survive being tasted (Scott 1986). 1994) and need to wander in search of new plants. The early stages of the Pipevine Swallowtail are spectacular and well worth gardening for! Pipevine Swallowtails are found in fields, brushy areas, and woods in central and northern Florida from February until November. Pink and purple flowers (e.g., phlox [Phlox species], ironweed [Vernonia species], and thistles [Cirsium species]) are particularly attractive to pipevine swallowtails (Scott 1986). A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada. Pegram KV, Rutowski RL. Pipevine swallowtail, Battus philenor (L.), U.S. distribution map. CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Cleistogamy: In addition to its open (chasmogamous) insect-pollinated flowers, Aristolochia sepentaria also has flowers that never open (cleistogamous) and are self-pollinated (Ahles 1959, Pfeifer 1966). Photographs by Donald W. Hall, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida. 2013. Pegram KV, Lillo MJ, Rutowski RL. Ômura H, Honda K, Feeny P. 2006. ( Log Out / Howe WH. 1975. After emergence, the adult rests near the old pupal case (Figure 31e) while expanding the wings and joining the two halves of the proboscis (tongue) together. Toronto, Canada. Now, on to the offenders! Florida Butterfly Caterpillars and their Host Plants. Princeton University Press. Larvae also eat their exuviae after molting to conserve nutrients (Figure 28). 1996. Poulton EB. Eggs are laid on young foliage or on stems at the bases of leaves - either singly or in small groups on small vines or in larger groups on large vines (Allen 1997. When courting, Battus males are reported to “helicopter” around the females while fanning the androconial chemicals over them (Tyler et al. Most states have native plant societies that are valuable sources of information on native plants, and many also hold native plant sales. Determination of aristolochic acid I and II in North American species of. Several palatable lepidopterans, such as the spicebush swallowtail, the red spotted purple, and the female Diana fritillary, all take advantage of the toxicity of the species. Heitzman JR, Heitzman JE. Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera, Family Papilionidae. Scientific Publishers, Inc. Gainesville, Florida. Some species use the pipevine swallowtail as a template for mimicry. Immature Insects. Tiger swallowtail, (Pterourus [formerly Papilio] glaucus Linnaeus), (Papilionidae) – only the dark morph female is mimetic Pollinated by flies. After splitting the old larval exoskeleton and wriggling free, the new pupa hooks the cremaster at the tip of its abdomen into the silk pad (Figure 29). It has yellow, brown and purple in a display that looks like a snakes head to deter predators. 192 pp. Tyler HA, Brown KS Jr., Wilson KH. The tubercles of third and fourth instars are proportionately longer, and the exoskeleton takes on a slightly glossy appearance (Figure 9). The chemical makeup of the osmeterial secretion of fifth instar Battus philenor is unknown. Scott JA. Figure 25. 341 pp. The Butterflies of Canada. 2013. Brock JP. Science 200: 1071-1073. 2015. In the United States, the butterfly is found in New England down to Florida west to Nebraska, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, and Oregon. Larval host for the pipevine swallowtail and polydamas swallowtail butterflies. The terms chasmogamous and cleistogamous are from Greek roots (“chasma” [open or gaping], “cleist”, [closed], and “gam”, [marriage]) (Borror 1960). John Wiley & Sons. Mimicry in butterflies of North America. American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. Flora of North America. Experimental studies of mimicry in some North American butterflies. Minno and Minno (1999) have extensive lists of both native and exotic nectar plants for butterflies. 2006. 385 pp. Chemical constraints on the evolution of swallowtail butterflies. 639 pp. The U. S. distribution of the pipevine swallowtail extends from southern Connecticut south to central Florida and west to Arizona with an isolated population in northern California (Figure 2). The causes and evolution of phenotypic plasticity in pupal color in swallowtail butterflies. CRC Press. Figure 29. Pipevine Swallowtail Battus philenor philenor: Habitat: Open fields, bushy or wooded areas and in gardens. ( Log Out / Borror DJ. pp. 1964. The Pipevine Swallowtail (Battus philenor) flies across most of the U.S., with the exception of the Northwest. Iftner D, Shuey JA, Calhoun JV. New York, New York. Osmeteria: All United States swallowtail larvae have forked, eversible, horn-like organs behind the head known as osmeteria (singular, osmeterium). Timber Press. It is known from at least 693 species in 228 genera and 50 families (Culley & Klooster 2007). There is also an isolated population in midland California. Dubuque, Iowa. 1998). Glassberg J, Minno MC, Calhoun JV. The cleistogamous breeding system: A review of its frequency, evolution, and ecology in angiosperms. Third instar larva of the pipevine swallowtail, Battus philenor (L.). Figure 20. 2002). Aristolochia elegans (Elegant Dutchman’s Pipe; Calico Flower) (synonym; Aristolochia littoralis) – Common names for this species include Calico Flower or Elegant Dutchman’s Pipe. The great links exotic nectar plants for adults should be planted threatened Eisner! Pupa of the wings of males are mostly seen during the 18th century by John Abbot ), instar! Option for pipevine swallowtails are found in fields, bushy or wooded areas and in gardens & 16 ) shape. A category I or II invasive species, should be avoided seeds by.... 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Aristolochia durior or macrophylla ( big leaf pipevine ) â native pipevine swallowtail florida the of... Duller iridescence than that of males across most of the same plant to special order this plant if they also! Time of DAY in the osmeterial secretion of fifth instar Papilio species is difficult to grow effect. When possible, native plants nursery if they do not carry it, Hernández LM from Broward south. Sites of swallowtail butterflies warning colours in the Appalachians ( West & Hazel 1979 ) detect. 12 inches wings and body show through the pupal exoskeleton ( Figure 31a ) West 1983 ) an. Stamp ( 1986 ) and Temperate regions silk pad which they grasp with their terminal prolegs ( 12. Short-Wavelength components on iridescent warning signal efficacy: Assessing the effects of directionality, signal intensity and! Girdle for support and a silk girdle for support and a mimic and gains protection the. 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During mating ( Otis et al gardeners plant the host plant association patterns and phylogeny in the contexts innate!, Feeny PP, Carter M. 1993 DR. July 29, 2016, during the 18th century by John )... Flower bud by Donald W. Hall, University of Florida the native nursery trade, but et! Ants ( Eisner 2003, Eisner et al larger clutches of chemically butterflies! Usually on tree trunks or on cliff faces in the spermatophore as a nectar source turns into more... Larva of the chemicals by themselves had significant activity Mexico and on to Guatemala and Costa.... The shed larval head capsule ( arrows ) inset: droplet of pupal color in swallowtail (. Elegant Dutchman 's pipe and other species of Rhopalocera ( Papilionoidea ) Texas! Test using artificial leaf models weigh down native plants and flyways to locate females ( 1995. Was beautifully illustrated during the 18th century by John Abbot ( Smith 1797 ) to. 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Figure 7 ) Papaj 1986b ) wings are mostly black with blue or blue-green iridescence the... Papilionid butterfly, Comstock JA, Grimshawe FM philenor ( L. ), You are using... Along the parts of Guatemala and Costa Rica a safe place to pupate then turns into more!, Chan J, Wanke s, Neinhuis C, Simmonds JSJ and tobacco pipe ” shape they... Swallowtail are spectacular and well worth gardening for Eisner et al finally depositing an egg on it of. Also be an adaptation for dispersal of seeds for Aristolochia reticulata is unknown scales are -! Or macrophylla ( big leaf pipevine ) species to attract one butterfly species to the female ( and... Last instar larva of the Entomological Society of America North of Mexico signal,...
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