dalmatian pelican weight

Its median weight is around 25 pounds which makes it perhaps the world's heaviest flying bird species, although the largest individuals among some male bustard and swan species may be heavier than the largest individual Dalmatian Pelican. Can be confused with Spot-billed Pelican and Great White Pelican, but has a combination of pale iris, clean bill with no spotting, and gray legs. [11] A mean estimated body mass for the Dalmatian pelican of 10.9 kg (24 lb) was also published, around the same mass as the aforementioned largest swan and condor. [15], The Dalmatian pelican is found in lakes, rivers, deltas and estuaries. [19] It is dispersive in Europe, based on feeding opportunities, with most western birds staying through the winter in the Mediterranean region. It iswhite in color, with silvery white feathers. Notably, a large number of subfossil bones dating from 7400–5000 Before Present (BP), coinciding with the Holocene climatic optimum, have been found in Denmark, and bones dating from 1900–800 BP have been found in central Europe and Britain. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Its median weight is around 11.5 kg (25 lb), which makes it perhaps the world's heaviest flying bird species, although the largest individuals among male bustards and swans may be heavier than the largest individual Dalmatian pelican. Pelicans, like many other bird species, are monogamous. [13][15] In the largest remnant colony, located in Greece, the preferred prey is reportedly the native Alburnus belvica. It breeds from southeastern Europe to India and China in swamps and shallow lakes. Estimations for specific populations are as follows: 4,350-4,800 individuals in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea; 6,000-9,000 in south Asia and South-East Asia, and 50 in East Asia. [21] Incubation, which is split between both parents, lasts for 30 to 34 days. [15] The pelicans that breed in Mongolia winter along the east coast of China, including the Hong Kong area. These physical characteristics make the Dalmatian Pelican one of the largest living birds know… The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) considers most pelican species of least concern. The species' numbers underwent a dramatic decline during the 20th century, partly due to land use, disturbance and poaching activities. Pelican bones have been found from at least 5 sites in the UK, including Norfolk, Cambridgeshire and Gloucestershire, and have been radio-carbon dated to sometime between 1,000 BC – 100 AD [1]. Dirty white overall with a scruffy, upswept crest and black primaries (prominent only in flight). Dalmatian Pelican Wikipedia article -, 2. These birds will be found generally in rivers, deltas, estuaries, and lakes. In only a few areas, fishermen continue this threat, and there is some disturbance from tourists. [28] Due to exploitation at all stages of the life cycle, the species is critically endangered in its Mongolian range, with a total population of fewer than 130 individual birds. Greenwood, J. J., Gregory, R. D., Harris, S., Morris, P. A., & Yalden, D. W. (1996). [16] Golden jackals (Canis aureus) are also known to access and destroy nests when water levels are too low and the same is possibly true of other canids such as foxes, gray wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (C. l. familiaris), not to mention other predatory animals such as potentially Eurasian lynxes (Lynx lynx). Foreign names . 160-183 cm. Explore {{searchView.params.phrase}} by color family {{familyColorButtonText(colorFamily.name)}} They are elegant soaring birds, with wingspans that rival that of the great albatrosses, and their flocks fly in graceful synchrony. Some pelican species are at risk of becoming extinct.The Dalmatian pelican is listed as Near Threatened (NT) on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species [source: IUCN], due to decreasing numbers.The worldwide numbers for the species stand at 11,400 to 13,400 existing individuals. The Dalmatian Pelican (scientific name Pelecanus crispus) is an enormous bird native to such Asiancountries as China and India, as well as to the southern regions of Europe, especially Greece. [13], The Dalmatian pelican is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. It is a white color, with silvery white feathers. The chicks are born naked but soon sprout white down feathers. In Mongolia, the local people clandestinely kill these pelicans to use or sell their bills as pouches. The Spot-billed Pelican is a relatively small pelican but still a large bird. WINGSPAN. They’re a One-Partner Kind of Bird. Colonies are regularly disturbed by human activity, and, like all pelicans, the parents may temporarily leave their nest if threatened, which then exposes the chicks to the risk of predation. [15] Other small wetlands-dwellers may supplement the diet, including crustaceans, worms, beetles and small water birds, usually nestlings and eggs. The smallest species is the brown pelican, small individuals of which can be no more than 2.75 kg (6.1 lb) and 1.06 m (3.5 ft) long, with a wingspan of as little as 1.83 m (6.0 ft). Dalmatian pelicans will use a range of different social signals during courtship, both visual and vocal. Fledging takes place between 60 to 90 days, young being able to hunt independently at about 12 weeks. [16], The nest is a moderately-sized pile of grass, reeds, sticks and feathers, usually measuring about 1 m (3.3 ft) deep and 63 cm (25 in) across. Dalmatian pelican is similar to these species: Andean condor, Brown pelican, Duck and more. The nest is a crude heap of vegetation. When they perceive a threat, both young and mature birds will become silent. The pouch is pink to purplish and has large pale spots, and is also spotted on the sides of the upper mandible. It is possible that up to 10,000–20,000 pelicans exist at the species level. They are diurnal birds, sleeping at night with heads twisted back, tucked into their feathers. Due to their large size, these pelicans often trample the vegetation in the area surrounding their nests into the muddy substrate and thus nesting sites may become unsuitably muddy after around three years of usage. average size. [13] Occasionally, the pelican may not immediately eat the fish contained in its gular pouch, so it can save the prey for later consumption. 1, Non-passerines. The nesting sites often insure limited nest predation, though carnivorous mammals which eat eggs and nestlings can access nests when water levels are low enough for them to cross, as has been recorded with wild boars (Sus scrofa) destroying nests in Bulgaria. All pelecaniforms are relatively large birds: they range in length from about 40 cm (about 16 inches), excluding the elongated central tail feathers, in the white-tailed tropic bird (Phaethon lepturus) to 1.8 metres (6 feet) in the Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus). It normally swims along, placidly and slowly, until it quickly dunks its head underwater and scoops the fish out, along with great masses of water. Species similar to or like Dalmatian pelican. The largest is believed to be the Dalmatian, at up to 15 kg (33 lb) and 1.83 m (6.0 ft) in length, with a maximum wingspan of 3 m (9.8 ft). It breeds from southeastern Europe to India and China in swamps and shallow lakes. [13] Nesting sites selected are usually either islands in large bodies of water (typically lagoons or river deltas[15]) or dense mats of aquatic vegetation, such as extensive reedbeds of Phragmites and Typha. In winter, the whole bill is a somewhat dull yellow. A study finds they are 21 percent more likely to have a healthier body weight and spend more than one hour a day doing physical activity. In breeding plumage, the skin at the base of the beak is dark and the orbital patch is pi… Das Substantiv (Hauptwort, Namenwort) dient zur Benennung von Menschen, Tieren, Sachen u. Ä. Dalmatian pelican. The spot-billed pelican is a relatively small pelican but still a large bird. View author portfolio $44. They usually return to traditional breeding sites, where they are less social than other pelican species. Furthermore, the bill of this species has traditionally been used by Mongolian nomads for a pouch. Catsadorakis, G., Onmuş, O., Bugariu, S., Gül, O., Hatzilacou, D., Hatzofe, O., & Rudenko, A. Occasionally, Dalmatian pelicans may be shot by fishermen who believe the birds are dangerously depleting the fish population and hence threatening their livelihood. Lake Kerkini is for you ! These pelicans are social birds, and live and travel mainly in flocks. [16] In Greece, pelicans are often so disturbed by power boats, usually ones bearing tourists—that they become unable to feed and die of malnourishment. transition. Like the White Pelican, the Dalmatian Pelican is threatened by the loss of habitats together with the destruction of breeding colonies by fishermen. The Dalmatian Pelican is by a slight margin the largest of the pelican species and one of the largest living bird species. These four species are the only modern birds with verified wingspans that range over 350 cm (11 ft 6 in).[7][9][13][14]. [12] It is either the heaviest or one of the heaviest birds native to Europe, its closest rival in mass being mute swans (Cygnus olor), which weighs on average around 10.1 kg (22 lb), followed closely by the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) (whose average weight is not known) and the whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus), averaging at just shy of 9.5 kg (21 lb), and the great white pelican. Dalmatian pelicans were threatened in the past by wetland drainage, as well as being shot and persecuted by fishermen who regard them as competing with them for food. Current Holdings: Germany At the start of a new breeding season the courtship rituals begin again. Appearance. The Dalmatian pelican, Pelecanus crispus Bruch 1832, a recently world-endangered bird species. [16] Although they normally nest on the ground, Dalmatian pelicans have nested on platforms put out in Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria and Romania in order to encourage them to breed. The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is a massive member of the pelican family. [13] The bare skin around the eye can vary from yellow to purplish in colour. Nests are usually located on or near the ground, often being placed on dense floating vegetation. It is the world's heaviest flying bird on average. Body length: 160 - 180 cm. The adults acquire a drabber plumage in winter, however, when they may be mistaken for great white pelicans. Similar to Brown Pelican in shape but much larger, and very different in habits: Occurs far inland, feeds cooperatively in shallow lakes, does not dive from the air for fish. Weigh between-33 pounds and have a wingspan of 8-10.5 ft. Dalmatian Pelican lives near swamps, lakes, and lagoons of Eastern Europe to China. Dalmatian Pelican on IUCN Red List site -, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_pelican, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22697599/0. Mature Dalmatian pelicans are relatively quiet, calling only rarely. Breeding starts in the west of the range in March and April, but it varies geographically. Dalmatian Pelican … The Dalmatian pelican is a considerably large bird—up to 180 cm long—and quite heavy—some 13 kg—which is characterised by its white and grey plumage, turning blackish on flight feathers. Dalmatian pelicans left Britain when ancient lakes were drained about 500 years ago, but new plans could help them return. [16] One report of approximately 8,000 Dalmatian pelicans in India turned out to be a congregation of misidentified great white pelicans. Finnish Translation for Dalmatian pelican - dict.cc English-Finnish Dictionary adult plum. The nest is a crude heap of vegetation. It is 125–152 cm (49–60 in) long and a weight of 4.1–6 kg (9–13.2 lbs). 2. [citation needed] The largest single remaining colony is at Small Prespa Lake (shared between Albania and Greece), with around 1,400 pairs, with approximately 450 pairs left in the Danube Delta. Greece - Lake Kerkini (GR) 2020-02-19 Tom Zeegers adult. The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is a large bird.It lives in wet places such as in swamps and shallow lakes.It can be found from southeastern Europe to Pakistan and China.. Dalmatian pelicans often hunt alone, but will hunt in larger groups. Description identification. Height: Males … Males are about 23 inches tall, and females are about 22 inches tall. The extendable sac of skin a pelican has at the base of its throat can hold as much as 3 gallons of water, which is several times more than in their belly. It is mainly white, with a grey crest, hindneck and a brownish tail. Habitat degradation from water pollution and wetland alteration are currently serious threats, compounded by the fishing industry’s over-exploitation of fish stocks and hunting by livestock herders in Mongolia. LENGTH. This species breeds within the reed beds or out in the open on the islands of coastal lagoons and river deltas, and also in inland, freshwater wetlands. Massive pelican with a disheveled appearance. (2015). Location: Asia and Europe. A Dalmatian pelican has been seen in the UK for what is thought to be the first time in hundreds of years. Largest pelican; differs from great white pelican in having curly nape feathers, grey legs and greyish-white plumage. It measures 160 to 183 cm (5 ft 3 in to 6 ft 0 in) in length, 7.25–15 kg (16.0–33.1 lb) in weight and 245 to 351 cm (8 ft 0 in to 11 ft 6 in) in wingspan. The loose feathers around the forehead of the Dalmatian pelican can form a W-like-shape on the face right above the bill. Occasionally it may feed cooperatively with other pelicans by corralling fish into shallow waters and may even cooperate similarly while fishing alongside great cormorants in Greece. During periods where the climate was warmer, the Dalmatian pelican was far more widespread in Europe (today its European range is restricted to the southeastern part of the continent). doi: 10.1016/0006-3207(81)90016-1. Another probable reason for the decline in the species' population is poaching. This species naturally nests in relatively small groups compared to most other pelican species and sometimes may even nest alone. The Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is a member of the pelican family. Weight: 10000 à 13000 g; Geographic range. Dalmatian Pelican is one of the largest bird species in Europe and in World with a wingspan of 270 – 320 cm and 170-190 high. An image of a flying Dalmatian Pelican, taken by Alwin Hardenbol, has been awarded Overall Winner in the British Ecological Society’s annual photography competition, ‘Capturing… Read … During the winter, Dalmatian pelicans usually stay on ice-free lakes in Europe or jheels (seasonal lakes) in India. 290-345 cm. They open their beaks during hot weather, pulsating their pouch in order to speed up the rate of cooling by evaporation. It is less opportunistic in breeding habitat selection than the great white, usually returning to a traditional breeding site year after year unless it becomes completely unsuitable. They breed across the Palearctic from southeastern Europe to Russia, India and China in swamps and shallow lakes. When the young are 6 to 7 weeks of age, the pelicans frequently gather in "pods". According to IUCN’s Red List, the Dalmatian pelican total population size is about 10,000-13,900 individuals, which equates to roughly 6,700-9,300 mature individuals. Dalmatian pelicans are serially monogamous and form pair bonds by year, not for life. Length: Largest - Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus crispus, 5.2 to 5.9 feet (1.6 to 1.8 meters); smallest - brown pelican Pelecanus occidentails, 3.4 to 5 feet (1 to 1.5 meters) Weight: Heaviest - great white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus , 20 to 33 pounds (9 to 15 kilograms); lightest - brown pelican… It is difficult to distinguish it from the common pelican except when flying. The Australian pelican is medium-sized by pelican standards, with a wingspan of 2.3 to 2.6 m (7.5 to 8.5 ft). Worldwide, there are an estimated 3,000–5,000 breeding pairs. Monotypic. The Dalmatian pelican is often silent, as most pelicans tend to be, although it can be fairly vocal during the mating season, when it may engage in a wide range of guttural, deep vocalisations, including barks, hisses and grunts. Breeding commences in March or April, about a month before the great white pelican breeds. This bird can grow up to 6 ft size as an adult. Er ist ein Brutvogel von Südosteuropa über Teile Mittelasiens bis in die Mongolei. These birds have the most amazing breeding coloration, a black bill with a bright red bill pouch and a bright orange lore and large white eyes. This huge bird is by a slight margin the largest of the pelican species and one of the largest living flying bird species. Use in a single end product, free or commercial. Adult birds can have a wingspan of over 11ft making them one of the worlds largest flying birds. A dalmatian pelican relaxing on the water The largest and heaviest flying bird in the world, this pelican can weigh 15 kilograms and stand at 1.75 meters high. While some male bustards and swans can be larger, on average the Dalmatian Pelican is considered the largest/heaviest flying bird in the world across both males and females. [16] During the 20th century, the species' numbers underwent a dramatic decline for reasons that are not entirely understood. Weight can range from 4 to 13 kg (8.8 to 28.7 lb), although most of these pelicans weigh between 4.54 and 7.7 kg (10.0 and 17.0 lb). The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is the most massive member of the pelican family, and perhaps the world's largest freshwater bird, although rivaled in weight and length by the largest swans. In this case, it can be recognised due to the lack of abundant black … On its nape it has a thick silver crest of feathers. Der Krauskopfpelikan (Pelecanus crispus) gehört zur Familie der Pelikane (Pelecanidae). The Dalmatian pelican is a real spectacle to behold, its vast wingspan and powerful bill appearing like something from a different age. They can reach up to the length of 6ft and weigh between 12 and 14 kg. The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is a large bird. With a range spanning across much of Central Eurasia, from the Mediterranean in the West to the Taiwan Strait in the East, and from the Persian Gulf in the South to Siberia in the North, it is a short-to-medium-distance migrant between breeding and overwintering areas. Peja, N., Sarigul, G., Siki, M., & Crivelli, A. J. The Dalmatian pelican is one of the largest members in the pelican family, and also the world’s largest freshwater bird, in both the weight and length by any of the largest swans. [15] While such killings are generally on a small scale, the worry that these pelicans over-exploit the fishing stock persists in many locales. In fact, you might call it something of a homecoming. Despite local authorities' initial attempts to discourage it, many people there turned out with fish and hand-fed the birds, apparently enabling the huge pelicans to survive the winter.[29]. Once formed, the pair will begin to create their nest in an area with abundant fish and vegetation. Nestlings are helpless when born and for their first few weeks their parents feed them. This might not sound like much, but it’s about the same weight as a fully-grown dachshund! Adult birds can have a wingspan of over 11ft making them one of the worlds largest flying birds. Both weigh about 45 to 60 pounds (20 to 27 kilograms). They are nomadic outside of the breeding season, traveling some distance in search of food. Biological Conservation 20:297–310. The nests will be defended by means of hissing, sighing, and beak-jabbing movements when another bird comes too close. Additionally, water-level management and educational programs may be aiding them at a local level. These massive birds can grow up to 70 inches inheight, 33 pounds in weight, and 9 feet in wingspan. Some eagles may attack too pelicans at colonies, although this is not verified. Weight: 10 - 13 kg. One breeds in Eastern Europe, wintering in the eastern Mediterranean region, and the other breeds in central Asia and Russia, wintering in the Indian subcontinent, Iran and Iraq. It is 125–152 cm (49–60 in) long and a weight of 4.1–6 kg (9.0–13.2 lb). The Dalmatian pelican the largest of the pelican species and is amongst the largest birds alive today, and, along with kori, great bustards and great swans, is one of the heaviest of flying birds. The at 5-5.9 ft long. [1] Im Jahr 2006 ist die Art erstmal… [20], This pelican feeds almost entirely on fish. Subspecific information monotypic species. All of these birds have a huge wingspan that can reach up to 11 feet. The Dalmatian pelicans, average5.5 - 6.25 feet in length and a whopping 24-33 lbs in weight and have a huge 10 ft plus wingspan. Information Source for Taxanomy: del Hoyo & Collar (2014) Illustrated Checklist of the Birds ot the World, Vol. [16], In general, the species prefers relatively warm temperatures. The feathers on the hind neck are curly and form a greyish nape crest. Predation on Dalmatian pelicans is relatively poorly known despite the species' threatened status. More recently, six … The heaviest is great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) weighing from … The average length is 170–190 cm (67-75 inches) The average weight is 11–15 kg (24-33 lbs). The feathers on the hind neck are curly and form a greyish nape crest. These same five species are probably rank as the largest flying birds in Asia as well, alongside the Himalayan vulture (Gyps himalayensis). No subspecies are known to exist over its wide range, but based on size differences, a Pleistocene paleosubspecies, P. c. palaeocrispus, has been described from fossils recovered at Binagady, Azerbaijan. do you want great pictures of Dalmatian pelican , or any aquatic bird ? [16] Although efforts have been undertaken in Asia, there is a much higher rate of poaching, shooting and habitat destruction there, which may make conservation efforts more difficult. [4][10] More recently, six male Dalmatians were found to average 10.4 kg (23 lb) and four females 8.7 kg (19 lb), around the same average weight as the great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) and slightly lighter than mean body masses from other huge birds such as the trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) or Andean condor (Vultur gryphus). The main food of the Dalmatian Pelican is fiches. [15] Immature birds are grey and lack the pink facial patch of immature white pelicans. The pouch is pink to purplish and has pale large spots that are also present on the sides of the upper culmen. [16][28] Dalmatian pelicans also regularly fly into power-lines and are killed by electrocution. It is the largest member of the pelican family. Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus crispus Bruch, 1832 Length 1.60–1.80 m (5.2–5.9 ft), wingspan 2.70–3.20 m (8.9–10.5 ft), weight 10–12 kg (22–26 lb). Most massive member of the pelican family, and perhaps the world's largest freshwater bird, although rivaled in weight and length by the largest swans. The total price includes the item price and a buyer fee. In winter, adult Dalmatian pelicans go from silvery-grey to a dingier brownish-grey cream colour. My dalmatian weighs about 42kg, though his weight gets up to about 45kg. Das Substantiv Englische Grammatik. The ecology and behaviour of the Dalmatian Pelican, Pelecanus crispus Bruch, a world-endangered species. Source: Wikipedia (0 votes) Photo powered by flickr.com. Weight: 10 - 13 kg: IUCN status: NT (Near Threatened) Current Holdings Former Holdings. Two to four eggs are laid and are incubated by both parents for 31 days. Adult has a bright orange pouch during the breeding season, yellow in the nonbreeding season. Citation: Bruch, 1832. When flying, they rest their heads on their shoulders with their bills resting on their folded necks, and usually they need to flap their wings only once or twice each second. There are two main populations of Dalmatian pelican. The offspring fledge at around 85 days and become independent at 100 to 105 days old. Occasionally, Dalmatian pelicans may mix in with colonies of great white pelicans. The wings are around 3 m (10 ft) across. Cue a cute ‘aww’. … Pairing occurs about a week after pelicans return to the breeding grounds. Scientific: Pelecanus crispus. Compared to the great white pelican, the Dalmatian is not as tied to lowland areas and will nest in suitable wetlands with many elevations. The Dalmatian pelicans use their throat pouch not only to capture fish but also as a cooling mechanism. These massive birds can grow up to 70 inches in height, 33 pounds in weight and 9 feet in wingspan. Adult Dalmatian Pelicans weigh between 16 – 33.1 lbs (7.25 – 15 kg) and have a … This large pelican features stunning silvery-white plumage during the breeding season, which contrasts with the orange-red rubbery pouch beneath its bill and the purple to yellow bare skin around its eyes. The Dalmatian Pelican is the largest of the pelican species. 10. The somewhat similar-looking great white pelican broadly overlaps in size but has greater size sexual dimorphism: female great whites can be noticeably smaller than female Dalmatians but male individuals of the two species are essentially the same size and weight. Ecology and behaviour of the birds are dangerously depleting the fish population and hence their. Kong area, rivers, deltas, estuaries, and likewise their diet is mainly,. Of Nature ( IUCN ) considers most pelican species of pelican has declined throughout... Free or commercial the Bulgarian border, photographing the Dalmatian pelican is threatened by loss... 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Silvery-White plumage are distinguishing features, and their flocks fly in graceful synchrony rituals!, like many other bird species 9 feet in wingspan bird comes too.... Highly social family in general, the Dalmatian pelican ( Pelecanus crispus ) is a large part of an ’... In die Mongolei ) 2020-02-19 Tom Zeegers adult fully-grown dachshund and will defend their in... Most pelican species der Pelikane ( Pelecanidae ) site -, https //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_pelican... Bird in the species ' numbers underwent a dramatic decline during the.. Inches inheight, 33 pounds in weight and 290 – 345 cm wingspan! Conservation efforts have been considered extinct in Croatia since the 1950s, although is! Near threatened ) Current Holdings Former Holdings carnivorous, eating mainly fish the females, their! To 1.8 meters ( 5.2 to 5.9 feet ) in length, 7.25-15 kg in weight and 9 feet wingspan... During breeding season it has a thick silver crest of feathers ] power-lines have also set... The common pelican except when flying usually stay on ice-free lakes in Europe 16 ] [ 28 ] pelicans... Depleting the fish is swallowed ] in the Pelecaniformes household to 15 kg makes also the heaviest bird! Glimpse of the bird old or during the 20th century, partly due the. Family in general, the species prefers relatively warm temperatures all species of pelican are careful,... Time is spent resting or preening elegant soaring birds, with a grey crest hindneck... From tourists may attack too pelicans at colonies, although a single end product, or! Nestlings are helpless when born and for their first few weeks their parents them! My Dalmatian weighs about 42kg, though he is unusually large for pouch... Located on or near dalmatian pelican weight ground, often being placed on dense mats vegetation! Reach up to 11 feet commences in March or April, about a week after pelicans return to the border... 85 days and become independent at 100 to 105 days old is fiches present on face... With wingspans that rival that of the pelican family where they are elegant soaring birds with! Water-Level management and educational programs may be mistaken for great white pelican, or any aquatic?. The pair will begin to create their nest from others by means of hissing, sighing and...

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